Palladium(II) and ruthenium(II) complexes of benzotriazole functionalized N-heterocyclic carbenes: Cytotoxicity, antimicrobial, and DNA interaction studies

Cationic RuII Cyclopentadienyl Complexes with Antifungal Activity against Several Candida Species

“…[21] Although numerous compounds based on various other metals (Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, Ag, Pd, etc) were previously reported for their activity against a wide range of fungal species including Candida, [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] our long-standing interest in the biological activity of ruthenium complexes prompted us to investigate the promising antifungal potential of compounds based on this particular metal. [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] It is noteworthy that ruthenium complexes are currently extensively studied for their anticancer properties and are even now considered as potential alternatives to cisplatin, a chemotherapeutic agent currently widely used in clinical settings. [51][52][53][54][55] For instance, Turel et al reported Ru II complexes bearing antifungal azole-containing drugs clotrimazole, miconazole, and tioconazole that could inhibit the growth of Curvularia lunata.…”

“…[33] Notably, several ruthenium species were also previously studied for their potential anti-Candida properties ( Figure 1). [34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50] Some of the first examples were reported by Günal et al (1999) and consisted of a series of Ru II -cymene complexes with promising activities against different fungal species including C. albicans and C. tropicalis. [44] Since then, most reports of ruthenium species with an anti-Candida activity ( Figure 1) showed a superior antifungal activity for the complexes compared to their corresponding ligands, suggesting an important role of the ruthenium moiety in the observed antifungal activity.…”

“…The study presented here was motivated i) by the fact that, although several organoruthenium complexes were previously studied for this purpose, [34,40,41,44,48] the antifungal activity of Ru IIcyclopentadienyl complexes has so far scarcely been examined, but also ii) by the unique features of a cationic Ru II -cyclopentadienyl complex of anastrozole (ATZ) we recently reported ([Ru-ATZ] + , Figure 2), which showed promising stability in biologically relevant conditions, in vitro anticancer activity against different human breast cancer cell lines and low systemic in vivo toxicity on the development of zebrafish embryos. [56] ATZ is a triazole-containing aromatase inhibitor that inhibits the activity of the human P450 enzyme CYP19, aromatase, by blocking the production of estrogen in postmenopausal women diagnosed with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer.…”

“…Indeed, metal complexes display reactivities that differ from simple organic molecules, and could potentially lead to the discovery of therapeutics with unique properties and/or modes of action [21] . Although numerous compounds based on various other metals (Cu, Ni, Zn, Co, Ag, Pd, etc) were previously reported for their activity against a wide range of fungal species including Candida , [22–30] our long‐standing interest in the biological activity of ruthenium complexes prompted us to investigate the promising antifungal potential of compounds based on this particular metal [31–50] . It is noteworthy that ruthenium complexes are currently extensively studied for their anticancer properties and are even now considered as potential alternatives to cisplatin, a chemotherapeutic agent currently widely used in clinical settings [51–55] …”

“…Notably, several ruthenium species were also previously studied for their potential anti‐ Candida properties (Figure 1). [34–50] Some of the first examples were reported by Günal et al. (1999) and consisted of a series of Ru II ‐cymene complexes with promising activities against different fungal species including C. albicans and C. tropicalis [44] .…”