Palm oil fuel ash as a sustainable supplementary cementitious material for concrete: A state-of-the-art review

Green Synthesis of Silica Nanoparticles (Si-NPs) from Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) and its Application to Purification Water: A Review

“…Conversely, the physical characteristics of POFA are impacted by factors like the material's source, burning temperature and duration, and other parameters. Moreover, the quantity of amorphous silica in the waste is contingent upon three primary factors: the content of minor components, process temperature, and combustion conditions [14]. Research indicates that SiO2 content rises with the increasing fineness of POFA, with silica finding applications across various industrial sectors [35].…”

“…It exists in microparticles and has yet to be fully utilized [26]. Studies have shown that POFA contains a significant amount of silica, with some reporting silica content exceeding 50% of its weight, primarily in SiO2 [27], with most of the chemical components condensed into SiO2, averaging 58% [14]. Some research results reporting silica content in palm oil boiler ash can be seen in Table 1.…”

“…The ash produced from the steam boiler/boiler in the palm oil mill comes from the inner shell of the oil palm and the flesh of the fruit, which contains high levels of silica (SiO2). The high silica content in palm oil mill ash has the potential to be extracted and used as a source of SiO2 [33] [14]. Research on the synthesis of silica from agricultural wastes, one of which is POFA, has been conducted extensively.…”

“…Silica nanoparticles synthesized from POFA have the potential to be engineered to be used as filtration membranes that have high performance, are cost-effective, and are environmentally friendly. If this potential can be exploited well, it will be a solution to minimize environmental pollution caused by improper disposal of boiler ash, thereby having a substantial positive impact in achieving a wastefree and sustainable palm oil industry and contributing to the development of a circular economy in the industry Palm oil [14]. For this reason, this literature review aims to provide information about the potential for modifying the characteristics of silica particles as a filler in the membrane manufacturing process to improve the performance and selectivity of filtration membranes for raw water purification and industrial wastewater treatment.…”

Influence of Sunflower Seed Husks Ash on the Structure Formation and Properties of Cement Concrete

“…Substituting part of the cement with sugarcane bagasse ash (up to 10%) positively impacts the physical and mechanical properties of concrete, but the range from 20% to 30% is also acceptable and does not lead to significant losses in strength [23,26]. Palm oil fuel ash, when replacing part of the cement up to 10% [67][68][69][70], contributed to an increase in the strength characteristics and durability of concrete. The addition of ashes from sunflower and pumpkin seed husks [35] improved the compressive strength by 27.3% when used as a partial replacement of the binder, up to 15%.…”