Palmitoleic acid reduces the inflammation in LPS‐stimulated macrophages by inhibition of NFκB, independently of PPARs

Abstract

The stimulation with LPS increased the production of IL-6 and IL-1β while PM decreased the production of IL-6 in WT macrophages. In KO macrophages, LPS increased the production of TNF-α and IL-6 and PM decreased the production of TNFα.The expression of inflammatory markers such NFκB and IL1β were increased by LPS and decreased by PM in both WT and KO macrophages. PM reduced the expression of MyD88 and caspase-1 in KO macrophages, and the expression of TLR4 and HIF-1αin both WT and KO macrophages, although LPS had not effect. CD86, an inflammatory macrophage marker, was reduced by PM independently of genotype. PM increased PPARγ and reduced PPARβ gene expression in macrophages of both genotypes, and increased ACOX-1 expression in KO macrophages. In conclusion, PM promotes anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages exposed to LPS through inhibition of inflammasome pathway, which was independent of PPARα, PPARϒ and AMPK, thus the molecular mechanisms of anti-inflammatory response caused by PM is still unclear.

Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides L.) Oil Improves Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions via Inhibition of NF-κB and STAT1 Activation

“…Besides oleic acid, SBT pulp oil has an obviously higher palmitoleic acid content than olive oil [35]. Palmitoleic acid shows anti-inflammatory ability via reducing proinflammatory cytokines [35,36]. The SBT fruit is a rich source of flavonoids (0.2% in juice and 0.6% in dry fruits).…”

Adipose crosstalk with other cell types in health and disease

“…Corroborating these findings, oral administration of palmitoleate in diabetic KK-A y mice rendered them resistant to diet-induced obesity and improved their glycemic profile [73]. Acting on macrophages, palmitoleate was also found to have an anti-inflammatory effect [11,62], which may contribute to insulinsensitizing effects in the skeletal muscle [65] and protection against atherosclerosis [12].…”

Is Palmitoleic Acid a Plausible Nonpharmacological Strategy to Prevent or Control Chronic Metabolic and Inflammatory Disorders?

“…[48] The ability of palmitoleic acid to promote anti-inflammatory effects has been described. [3,4,6,11,14,15,49] In cell cultures, palmitoleic acid was shown to modulate the phenotype of macrophages, reduce expression and production of proinflammatory factors, and block some proinflammatory effects of palmitic acid and LPS [12,14,15,50] (Figure 2). Similarly, supplementation with palmitoleic acid or palmitoleic acid enriched oils reduced inflammation in adipose tissue [26] and liver [4,11] of obese mice fed a high-fat diet.…”

“…Gluconeogenesis, glucokinase, SREBP, AMPK, FGF21; required PPARα [14] Primary macrophages from WT, PPARα KO and PPARγ LoxP-LysCre mice incubated with LPS + palmitoleic acid (600 μM), 24 h TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β, mRNA for NFκB, IL-1β, TLR4 and HIF-1α, PPARγ , PPARβ; independent of PPARα, PPARγ , and AMPK [12] Mice BMDM or human adipose tissue were consequently increased. [80] In conjunction with increases in palmitoleic acid, the TZDs also improved glycemic control, [80] indicating that palmitoleic acid synthesis could benefit the insulin-sensitizing effect of TZD treatment.…”

“…[10] Furthermore, palmitoleic acid supplementation was seen to reduce liver inflammation in mice with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), [4,11] and to slow the progression of atherosclerosis in obese mice. [12] In cell culture, adipocytes incubated with palmitoleic acid showed lower expression of genes related to toll-like receptor (TLR) pathways, [13] while macrophages exposed to palmitoleic acid showed reduced www.advancedsciencenews.com www.mnf-journal.com Generally healthy men and women aged 20-80; UK Plasma triglycerides 3.5 - [2] Generally healthy men and women aged Generally healthy men and women aged 20-80; UK Adipose tissue 5.2 -inflammatory gene expression, a lower production of inflammatory cytokines, [12,14] and higher differentiation to an antiinflammatory phenotype. [14,15] In this review, we will describe studies that have investigated the immunometabolic effects of palmitoleic acid relevant to chronic metabolic diseases such as obesity, insulin resistance, NAFLD, and atherosclerosis, and we summarize findings from cell culture, animal model, and human studies to conclude whether palmitoleic acid plays an important role in preventing, controlling, or ameliorating those conditions.…”