Palynological insights of the eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct genus Symplocarpus (Araceae)

Kim

J of Sytematics Evolution

et al. 2019

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Proto‐Araceae, the earliest diverged lineage within the family Araceae, includes two subfamilies, Gymnostachydoideae (one species) and Orontioideae (eight species). Based on an extensive sampling (a total of 198 accessions) of six chloroplast non‐coding regions (5799 aligned sites), we assessed phylogenetic relationships among the genera and species within subfamily Orontioideae and estimated the timing of intercontinental disjunct events in the Northern Hemisphere. Overall phylogenetic relationships among the genera were consistent with results from previous studies, but several new important findings were discovered, primarily within Symplocarpus Salisb. ex W. P. C. Barton. First, two major lineages within Symplocarpus were identified: one lineage included S. foetidus (L.) Salisb. ex W. Barton, S. nabekuraensis Otsuka & K. Inoue, and S. renifolius Schott ex Tzvelev (Japan), whereas the other included S. nipponicus Makino, S. egorovii N. S. Pavlova & V. A. Nechaev, and S. renifolius (Korea). Symplocarpus renifolius in Japan was tetraploid and closely related to the tetraploid S. foetidus in eastern North America. Populations of S. renifolius in Korea were confirmed to be diploid (2n = 30) and shared the most recent common ancestor with the other diploid species, S. nipponicus. Second, two recently described species, S. nabekuraensis and S. egorovii, were deeply embedded within S. renifolius in Japan and Korea, respectively, and their distinct taxonomic status requires further assessment. Finally, two intercontinental disjunction events in the subfamily, one in Lysichiton Schott between eastern Asia and western North America and the other in Symplocarpus between eastern Asia and eastern North America, were estimated to be between 4.5 and 1.4 million years ago (Pliocene and Pleistocene) and between 1.9 and 0.5 million years ago (Pleistocene), respectively.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

New insights into the phylogeny and biogeography of subfamily Orontioideae (Araceae)

Kim

J of Sytematics Evolution

et al. 2019

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“…The flowering sequence of S. renifolius (5 S. foetidus var. latissimus Makino ex H. Hara; Lee et al, 2010) lasts 15 to 40 days (Uemura et al, 1993). Once the spathe opens, from the middle section toward the base, it expands to form a groove between the asymmetrical margins.…”

Section: Symplocarpusmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Pollination of Aroids with Bisexual Flowers

Jiménez

Hentrich

Aguilar‐Rodríguez

et al. 2019

annals

This paper presents an exhaustive review of the current knowledge on pollination of Araceae genera with bisexual flowers. All available studies on floral morphology, flowering sequence, floral scent, floral thermogenesis, floral visitors, and pollinators were carefully examined, with emphasis on the species-rich genera Anthurium Schott, Monstera Adans., and Spathiphyllum Schott. Genera with bisexual flowers are among the early-diverging lineages in Araceae, but present adaptations in their floral ecology to a great variety of pollination vectors, such as bees, beetles, flies, and, unusually, wind. These clades have developed highly derived pollination systems, involving the use of floral scent as a reward. We conclude that floral scent chemistry plays a key role in the pollination biology of the plants and that, in some genera, reproductive isolation through variation in the emitted floral volatile compounds may have been the decisive factor in the speciation processes of sympatric species.

“…Pavlova & V.A. Necheaev) and one in northeastern North America (S. foetidus (L.) W. Salisbury) (Govaerts and Frodin 2002;Nie et al 2006; Lee et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pollination ecology of Symplocarpus foetidus (Araceae) in a seasonally flooded bog in Québec, Canada

et al. 2021

The pollination ecology of Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) W. Salisbury was studied in a seasonally flooded bog under a maple cedar forest in Quebec (Canada) in 2008 and 2009. The protogynous anthesis duration ranged from 15 to 20 days with, chronologically, a female phase of about 5 days, a bisexual phase of 2 days, and a male phase of 9 days. The spadix temperature differences with ambient air were higher during the female phase (mean of 13.6 °C) than during the bisexual and male phases (mean of 4.5°C). The air inside the floral chamber was warmed by the heating spadix, particularly during the female phase (~6°C warmer than ambient air). The high 2 temperatures were somewhat maintained through nighttime during the female phase, whereas they occurred only in daytime during the bisexual and male phases.The average natural fruit and seed sets were relatively low (18.2% and 14% respectively), and the fruit set varied between years (13% in 2008 vs. 31% in 2009). Since spontaneous selfpollination is a rare reproductive event, sexual reproduction in Symplocarpus foetidus relies mainly on insect cross-pollination. Pollination is probably generalist considering the large variety of Coleoptera and Diptera families attracted to the plant, such as Chironomidae, Sphaeroceridae, Mycetophilidae, Phoridae, Drosophilidae, Chloropidae and Anthomyiidae. Since many different insect types visit the inflorescences, it is unclear whether this pollination system is a deceptive interaction (its unpleasant floral scent is typical of other deceptive Araceae), a breeding site mutualism (developing larvae have been observed on the inflorescences), or a combination of the two.