Palytoxin-Analogues Accumulation in Natural Mussel Banks during an Ostreopsis cf. ovata Bloom

Abstract

Intense blooms of the toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis producing palytoxin (PlTX) analogs, mainly ovatoxins (OVTXs), have been a recurrent phenomenon along several Mediterranean coasts. Although there is evidence of seafood contamination by these toxins, the dynamics of their bioaccumulation during Ostreopsis blooms is not yet clear. Toxin concentrations in wild mussels at two sites in the Conero Riviera, along the northern Adriatic Sea (Portonovo and Passetto), were analyzed from August to October 2021, throughout an Ostreopsis cf. ovata bloom, to investigate their relationships with the bloom pattern and abundances. Contaminated mussels showed the typical toxin profile dominated by OVTX-a and -b, with levels lower than the threshold considered unsafe for human consumption (30 µg PlTX-equivalent kg−1 soft tissue). The toxin content reached 36.4 µg PlTX kg−1 soft tissue only in a single sampling date. A clear correlation between the bioaccumulation of OVTXs in mussels and the abundance of Ostreopsis was observed. Our results highlighted, however, that bioaccumulation in the mussels is not affected merely by the abundance of toxic microalgae, since higher toxin levels were recorded at Portonovo, where the cell abundances were lower than at Passetto. The results from this study indicate that the Italian guidelines for the management of Ostreopsis blooms in bathing waters are also useful in managing the risks of human intoxication through ingestion, as mussel contamination was detected only during the alert phase (10,000–30,000 cells L−1).

Multiply charged ion profiles in the UHPLC-HRMS analysis of palytoxin analogues from Ostreopsis cf. ovata blooms

“…8 In the Mediterranean, iso-PLTX, OVTX-a and OVTX-b were found in the tissues of some bivalve (mussels, clams, and hairy mussels) and other marine fauna collected from Greek, French and Italian coasts, but seafood-borne poisonings have not been (luckily) detected in humans after their consumption. 9–14 However, respiratory and cutaneous irritations, general malaise and other relatively mild symptoms have been documented in beach users of certain areas (in Algeria, Croatia, France, Italy and Spain) where Ostreopsis spp. proliferations occur.…”