Palytoxin-Related Keratoconjunctivitis Assessed by High-Resolution Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography

Abstract

Palytoxin (PTX) is produced by corals such as zoanthid corals. Here we present a case of bilateral PTX-induced keratoconjunctivitis. A 63-year-old man presented to the emergency department with symptoms of red eye, purulent discharge, and foreign body sensation in both eyes. On slit lamp examination, epithelial defects in both eyes with a ring-shaped corneal stromal infiltrate in the right eye and a marginal stromal infiltrate in the left eye were noted. High-resolution anterior segment optical coherence tomography (HR-AS-OCT) showed stromal hyperreflectivity and Descemet folds. Bacterial, fungal, and amoebic cultures were taken. Empirical treatment with topical dexamethasone as well as antibiotics and systemic doxycycline was started. The next day the patient stated that he had been handling zoanthid coral without gloves and had rubbed his eyes afterward. Bilateral PTX-induced keratoconjunctivitis was diagnosed. His eyes were irrigated abundantly with saline solution, and umbilical cord serum eye drops were added to the treatment. Treatment was tapered according to improvement of the corneal infiltrates and epithelial defects. After four months, the stromal infiltrates were resolved but corneal scars persisted in both eyes. HR-AS-OCT showed anterior stromal hyperreflectivity corresponding to corneal leucomas. PTX can cause ocular adverse effects such as keratolysis and corneal inflammation, and in some cases can lead to corneal perforation. It can also produce systemic adverse effects, hence the importance of the preventive measures when handling corals that can produce this toxin.