“…Association of tobacco smoking and leukoplakia has been established by several studies [19][20][21][22] with our study showing concurrent results, where 5.5% chance of developing leukoplakia is associated with a habit history. Tobacco pouch keratosis is the most common oral lesion associated with the use of smokeless tobacco; 13,17,18,23,24 our study estimates its prevalence to be approximately 7.8% of all tobacco-associated oral mucosal lesions. Several studies, have found a near-equal prevalence of OSMF in Fig.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 76%
“…Cigarettes were the most popular among smokers (52%), whereas gutkha was the preferred smokeless tobacco product (26.3%). 16 Mehrotra et al and Karthik and Mohan have found betel quid chewing to be more popular among females 13,17 followed by reverse smoking. 18 Our study showed similar results vis-a-vis betel quid chewing, but we did not find any subjects with a reverse smoking habit.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Usually incorporated within a betel quid or pan, areca nut is the fourth most common psychoactive substance used in the world. 13 The mouth is the only body site which permits viewing with the naked eye, the ravages caused by smoked and smokeless tobacco use. When compared with other body sites, the mouth offers a unique opportunity for defining biomarkers as it permits repeated, noninvasive examination in longitudinal cases of tobacco-associated acute and chronic diseases.…”
Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of tobacco and its association with oral precancers and cancers. Materials and methods: Medical records of 1,007 individuals were assessed for the patterns of tobacco abuse and the presence of tobaccorelated oral mucosal alterations. Results: This study comprised 1,007 individuals (M:F: 95.4%:4.6%). In the cohort, 60.1% had smoking habit and 56.1% had smokeless habit. Of the bidi smokers, 18.2% developed carcinoma, 14.3% developed leukoplakia, which is statistically significant (p < 0.001). A logistic regression analysis of the development of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) shows that habit of smokeless forms of tobacco has an odds ratio (OR) of 18+ when compared with smoking. Combination of bidi and gutkha had 12.3 times higher risk of developing oral cancer and 4.4 times risk of developing leukoplakia. A total of 33.3% betel quid and gutkha chewers presented with tobacco pouch keratosis, which is statistically significant. Conclusion: Smoked and smokeless forms of tobacco were equally popular among the study population. The packeted form of smokeless tobacco (gutkha) was more prevalent. Oral submucous fibrosis was more common than leukoplakia, and oral cancer developed more frequently in elderly men smoking bidis. Clinical significance: This study throws light on the fact that the use of both smoke and smokeless forms of tobacco is still prevalent, and the use of gutkha was most prevalent. These findings will help tobacco cessation and counseling centers to focus their effort in motivating people to stop gutkha chewing habit. This also brings to the forefront the need to create better treatment strategies to manage OSMF.
“…Association of tobacco smoking and leukoplakia has been established by several studies [19][20][21][22] with our study showing concurrent results, where 5.5% chance of developing leukoplakia is associated with a habit history. Tobacco pouch keratosis is the most common oral lesion associated with the use of smokeless tobacco; 13,17,18,23,24 our study estimates its prevalence to be approximately 7.8% of all tobacco-associated oral mucosal lesions. Several studies, have found a near-equal prevalence of OSMF in Fig.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 76%
“…Cigarettes were the most popular among smokers (52%), whereas gutkha was the preferred smokeless tobacco product (26.3%). 16 Mehrotra et al and Karthik and Mohan have found betel quid chewing to be more popular among females 13,17 followed by reverse smoking. 18 Our study showed similar results vis-a-vis betel quid chewing, but we did not find any subjects with a reverse smoking habit.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Usually incorporated within a betel quid or pan, areca nut is the fourth most common psychoactive substance used in the world. 13 The mouth is the only body site which permits viewing with the naked eye, the ravages caused by smoked and smokeless tobacco use. When compared with other body sites, the mouth offers a unique opportunity for defining biomarkers as it permits repeated, noninvasive examination in longitudinal cases of tobacco-associated acute and chronic diseases.…”
Aim:The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of tobacco and its association with oral precancers and cancers. Materials and methods: Medical records of 1,007 individuals were assessed for the patterns of tobacco abuse and the presence of tobaccorelated oral mucosal alterations. Results: This study comprised 1,007 individuals (M:F: 95.4%:4.6%). In the cohort, 60.1% had smoking habit and 56.1% had smokeless habit. Of the bidi smokers, 18.2% developed carcinoma, 14.3% developed leukoplakia, which is statistically significant (p < 0.001). A logistic regression analysis of the development of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) shows that habit of smokeless forms of tobacco has an odds ratio (OR) of 18+ when compared with smoking. Combination of bidi and gutkha had 12.3 times higher risk of developing oral cancer and 4.4 times risk of developing leukoplakia. A total of 33.3% betel quid and gutkha chewers presented with tobacco pouch keratosis, which is statistically significant. Conclusion: Smoked and smokeless forms of tobacco were equally popular among the study population. The packeted form of smokeless tobacco (gutkha) was more prevalent. Oral submucous fibrosis was more common than leukoplakia, and oral cancer developed more frequently in elderly men smoking bidis. Clinical significance: This study throws light on the fact that the use of both smoke and smokeless forms of tobacco is still prevalent, and the use of gutkha was most prevalent. These findings will help tobacco cessation and counseling centers to focus their effort in motivating people to stop gutkha chewing habit. This also brings to the forefront the need to create better treatment strategies to manage OSMF.
“…This large increase in the R CT values can be attributed to changes in layer morphology such as density, stiffness, rigidity, etc. caused by intercalation of HDT with Dd-OT 2 , 4 – 6 , 9 . Figure 3 Nyquist plot of HDT-modified electrode before (black curve) and after (red curve) Dd-OT intercalation.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Biosensors play a major role in biomedical diagnosis 1 . The well described applications of biosensors contribute to progress in the clinical, environmental and agricultural industries 2 . Biosensors are analytical devices that perform two functions: recognition of an analyte and transduction to a measurable signal 3 .…”
Peptides are commonly used as biosensors for analytes such as metal ions as they have natural binding preferences. In our previous peptide-based impedimetric metal ion biosensors, a monolayer of the peptide was anchored covalently to the electrode. Binding of metal ions resulted in a conformational change of the oxytocin peptide in the monolayer, which was measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Here, we demonstrate that sensing can be achieved also when the oxytocin is non-covalently integrated into an alkanethiol host monolayer. We show that ion-binding cause morphological changes to the dense host layer, which translates into enhanced impedimetric signals compared to direct covalent assembly strategies. This biosensor proved selective and sensitive for Zn2+ ions in the range of nano- to micro-molar concentrations. This strategy offers an approach to utilize peptide flexibility in monitoring their response to the environment while embedded in a hydrophobic monolayer.
IMPORTANCE Integrated information on the global prevalence and incidence of oral lichen planus (OLP) is lacking.OBJECTIVE To examine the global prevalence and incidence of OLP in a systematic review and meta-analysis.DATA SOURCES A systematic review of population-based studies and clinic-based studies reporting the prevalence and incidence of OLP was performed using 3 electronic medical databases (Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Embase, and MEDLINE) from their inception to March 2019. The search terms included "(lichen planus or LP) and (prevalence or incidence or epidemiology)." No language restriction was applied.STUDY SELECTION Observational descriptive studies investigating the prevalence and incidence of OLP were included.DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data were extracted by continent, sex, and other characteristics. The risk of bias was assessed by the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Instrument for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data using random-effects models to synthesize available evidence.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe primary outcome was the prevalence (with 95% CIs) of OLP among the overall population and among subgroups. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed using the I 2 statistic. RESULTS Among 46 studies, the overall pooled estimated prevalence of OLP was 0.89% (95% CI, 0.38%-2.05%) among the general population (n = 462 993) and 0.98% (95% CI, 0.67%-1.43%) among clinical patients (n = 191 963). Among the 15 population-based studies, the prevalence of OLP was 0.57% (95% CI, 0.15%-2.18%) in Asia, 1.68% (95% CI, 1.09%-2.58%) in Europe, and 1.39% (95% CI, 0.58%-3.28%) in South America. Among the 31 clinic-based studies, the prevalence was 1.43% (95% CI, 1.12%-1.83%) in Africa, 0.87% (95% CI, 0.61%-1.25%) in Asia, 1.03% (95% CI, 0.51%-2.09%) in Europe, 0.11% (95% CI, 0.07%-0.16%) in North America, and 3.18% (95% CI, 0.97%-9.95%) in South America. The pooled prevalence of OLP by sex was 1.55% (95% CI, 0.83%-2.89%) for women and 1.11% (95% CI, 0.57%-2.14%) for men in the population-based studies and 1.69% (95% CI, 1.05%-2.70%) for women and 1.09% (95% CI, 0.67%-1.77%) for men in the clinic-based studies. In 5 clinic-based studies providing the age distribution of patients with OLP, the prevalence by age was 0.62% (95% CI, 0.33%-1.13%) among patients younger than 40 years and 1.90% (95% CI, 1.16%-3.10%) among patients 40 years and older.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study identified the global prevalence and incidence of OLP in terms of its spatial, temporal, and population distribution. The overall estimated pooled prevalence of OLP was 0.89% among the general population and 0.98% among clinical patients. A higher prevalence of OLP was found in non-Asian countries, among women, and among people 40 years and older. The findings should be considered with caution because of the high heterogeneity of the included studies.
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