required for successful cancer metastasis are: detachment of cancer cells from the primary mass, invasion of the local host tissue stroma, penetration of local lymphatic and blood vessels, survival during circulation, arrest in the capillaries of other organs, formation of microemboli, extravasation, and proliferation within the organ parenchyma. [8][9][10][11] The main challenges for metastasis treatment are systemic complexity, therapeutic resistance, and difficulty in early diagnosis. [10] Currently, there are no medicines available to specifically prevent cancer cell metastasis, but the development of inhibitory agents that selectively suppress or block metastasis-associated mechanisms provide an alternative for metastatic treatments. [12,13] Anti-metastasis therapy mainly focuses on interrupting the metastatic cascade of tumor cells. Even if the types of therapy depend on the timing of diagnosis, the typical anti-metastasis strategies are designed to block the initiation of metastasis, intercept and eradicate circulating tumor cells, and limit the formation of tumor cell colonies at distant organs. [14] For instance, MMP inhibitors, the Axl kinase inhibitor R428, miR-10b antagonists, and the fascin inhibitor Migrastatin are used as anti-metastatic agents for impairing the initial dissemination events. However effective anti-metastatic therapeutic agents must be capable of destroying the proliferation and survival of already disseminated tumor cells, rather than only seeking to block the exit of these cells from the primary tumor. [8] Treatments that involve a targeted sustained release of chemotherapeutic agents are the most prevalent approach to cancer treatment and inhibition of tumor metastasis. [15] Studies on cancer research have investigated hydrogels, nanoparticles, micelles, and liposomes for enhancing the efficacy of tumor treatment. Current studies on polymer-based tumor therapeutic systems focus on achieving the following goals: 1) providing anti-metastatic effects, 2) specific drug release in the tumor tissue, 3) enhanced antitumor efficacy, and 4) good biocompatibility and biodegradable properties of the nanoparticles. [16] Nevertheless, intravenous administration of therapeutic agents often leads to adverse systemic effects and rapid clearance from the circulating blood. Furthermore, frequent administration of anti-metastatic agents
Injectable HydrogelsMetastasis is a pathogenic spread of cancer cells from the primary site to surrounding tissues and distant organs, making it one of the primary challenges for effective cancer treatment and the major cause of cancer mortality. Heparin-based biomaterials exhibit significant inhibition of cancer cell metastasis. In this study, a non-anticoagulate heparin prodrug is developed for metastasis treatment with a localized treatment system using temperature sensitive, injectable, and biodegradable (poly-(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide)-bpoly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone-co-lactide) polymeric hydrogel. The drug molecule (heparin) is conjugated with th...