Pandemia y desintegración regional: la COVID-19 y el retroceso de la comunidad de seguridad sudamericana

Abstract

El artículo analiza el desarrollo de una comunidad de seguridad en América del Sur y el impacto que tuvo sobre ella la pandemia provocada por el coronavirus. A partir de un enfoque constructivista, en la primera parte del trabajo se explica cómo la crisis del regionalismo, la dificultad para definir amenazas comunes y la erosión de la identidad colectiva atentaron contra la maduración de la comunidad de seguridad sudamericana. Sobre este escenario, se argumenta que la crisis sanitaria originada por la COVID-19 dio lugar a un movimiento de resecuritización que profundizó el retroceso de la comunidad y se manifestó en tres indicadores: 1) la proliferación de discursos que identifican a los vecinos como una amenaza a la seguridad y la salud; 2) la fortificación de las fronteras; 3) el incremento de la militarización de la seguridad ciudadana y otras esferas de la arena pública. Como conclusión, se sostiene que ese tipo de prácticas y discursos da lugar a un tipo de comunidad política parecida a una sociedad anárquica, en la que los Estados se identifican más como rivales que como amigos.
 Abstract
 The article analyzes the development of a security community in South America and the impact that the coronavirus pandemic had on it. By using a constructivist methodology, the paper analyzes how the crisis of regionalism, the difficulty in defining common threats and the erosion of a collective identity hampered the maturation of the community. In this context, it is argued that the health crisis caused by COVID-19 gave rise to a securitization process that deepened the process of dismantling that community and was reflected in three indicators: 1) the proliferation of discourses that identify neighbors as a threat to safety and health; 2) a fortification of the borders; 3) an increase in the militarization of citizen security and other spheres of the public arena. It is concluded that this type of practice and discourse gives rise to a type of political community similar to an anarchic society, where states identify themselves as rivals rather than friends.

Exploratory Factor Model of Perceived Security in the COVID-19 Era

“…Therefore, it is necessary to anticipate the consequences of this unfavorable scenario for vulnerable groups, including children who will be separated from their parents or will be forced to move regardless of their right to a life free of violence and access to a decent life (Frenkel & Dasso-Martorell, 2021). The concept of governability refers to the qualities of the governable as action and effect of governing and governing itself, assuming three fundamental axes; 1) democratic quality, 2) management and public policies and 3) rule of law and individual guarantees.…”

Exploratory Factor Model of Perceived Security in the COVID-19 Era

“…Consequently, migration and displacement are indicators of the levels of restriction of human rights. Therefore, it is necessary to anticipate the consequences of this unfavorable scenario for vulnerable groups, including children who will be separated from their parents or will be forced to move regardless of their right to a life free of violence and access to a decent life (Frenkel & Dasso-Martorell, 2021). The concept of governability refers to the qualities of the governable as action and effect of governing and governing itself, assuming three fundamental axes; 1) democratic quality, 2) management and public policies and 3) rule of law and individual guarantees.…”