“…The influence of VIX on GVZ gained strength during the COVID-19 outbreak, and positive shocks in VIX induced positive shocks in GVZ. Yuan et al (2022) highlighted that investor behavior, such as investor attention, sentiment and anxiety, might be a primary explanation for pandemic-driven financial contagion. The financial markets had been significantly influenced by the shifts in cognitive biases, including herding (Bouri et al , 2021; Youssef and Waked, 2022), overconfidence (Kuranchie-Pong and Forson, 2021), pessimism (Naseem et al , 2021), risk and ambiguity aversion (Nisani et al , 2022) and fear (Subramaniam and Chakraborty, 2021) during the pandemic.…”