Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and Seasonal Influenza among Children, Israel

Engelhard, Dan; Bromberg, Michal; Averbuch, Diana; Tenenbaum, Ariel; Goldmann, Daniele; Kunin, Marina; Shmueli, Einat; Yatsiv, Ido; Weintraub, Michael; Mandelboim, Michal; Strauss-Liviatan, Nurith; Anis, Emilia; Mendelson, Ella; Shohat, Tamy; Wolf, Dana; Shapiro, Mervyn; Grotto, Itamar

doi:10.3201/eid1709.102022

Cited by 11 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The virus was detected once again only in October 2010 and co‐circulated with other influenza viruses during the next winter season. During the pandemic period, morbidity rates based on visits to community clinics due to ILI were followed by the ICDC 5, 12. Figure 1 shows the age‐related dynamics of the morbidity which peaked in August, September, and November of 2009.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Local circulation was monitored by an enhanced surveillance system based on records of visits to primary physicians due to influenza‐like illness (ILI) and on laboratory results of respiratory samples taken from ILI patients in sentinel clinics 4, 5…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pandemic in Israel was characterized by three waves of morbidity peaking in mid‐August, in mid‐September, and in November 2009 5. Vaccination of high‐risk groups began in mid‐October and covered 7% of the population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The dynamics of infection and the persistence of immunity to A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in Israel

Weil

Shohat

Bromberg

et al. 2012

Influenza Resp Viruses

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BackgroundInfluenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 first appeared in Israel in late April 2009, disappeared in mid‐March 2010, and reappeared in late October 2010. Symptoms were mostly mild without need for medical care.ObjectivesTo provide targets for future pandemic preparedness and response by evaluating the dynamics and cumulative incidence of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection, the virus‐specific seroprevalence (HI antibody titer >1:40) at the height of the pandemic, during its decline and thereafter.MethodsA cross‐sectional seroepidemiological study was conducted on 6911 serum samples collected before, during, and after the pandemic.ResultsCumulative incidence of infection derived from the differences between post‐ and pre‐pandemic seroprevalence was 54·1%, 32·9%, 22·9%, 14·8%, and 6·3% in age‐groups 0–9, 10–19, 20–49, 50–79, and ≥80 years, respectively, and 28·5% for all age‐groups combined. Vaccination could have contributed at the most 4·6% to the post‐pandemic population seroprevalence. High pre‐pandemic immune response (47·4%) found in a cohort aged 15–18 year was strongly associated with birth years 1990–1993. Morbidity began to decline in mid‐November 2009 at 32·8% population seroprevalence (45% in ages 0–19 year) and stopped in March 2010 at 43·4% population seroprevalence in February 2010 (70% in ages 0–19 year). Between February and September 2010, seroprevalence declined by 12·2% allowing virus recirculation from October 2010.ConclusionsOur study provides targets for controlling future influenza pandemics in Israel. Vaccination should focus on the younger age‐groups (0–19 year) which played a key role in transmission of the A(H1N1)pdm09 due to lack of background immunity (ages 0–9 year) and high exposure rates (ages 10–19 year).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The dynamics of infection and the persistence of immunity to A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in Israel

Weil

Shohat

Bromberg

et al. 2012

Influenza Resp Viruses

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“…59 Of the few pandemic studies which mentioned no additional interventions, one suggested an effect of school closures: in Israel in 2009, three waves of infection corresponded to the planned closure and reopening of schools. 60 In the England and Wales data for the 2009 pandemic, other interventions (vaccination and antivirals) were used to only a limited extent; incidence still clearly declined during the school summer holiday and increased afterwards. 28 Some studies of seasonal influenza mentioned additional interventions (eg, vaccination, 61-63 prophylactic amantadine, 64 hygiene promotion, 37 40 65 closure of public places 37 and advice to avoid large gatherings 43 ).…”

Section: Use Of Multiple Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

School closures and influenza: systematic review of epidemiological studies

Vynnycky²,

et al. 2013

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ObjectiveTo review the effects of school closures on pandemic and seasonal influenza outbreaks.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesMEDLINE and EMBASE, reference lists of identified articles, hand searches of key journals and additional papers from the authors' collections.Study selectionStudies were included if they reported on a seasonal or pandemic influenza outbreak coinciding with a planned or unplanned school closure.ResultsOf 2579 papers identified through MEDLINE and EMBASE, 65 were eligible for inclusion in the review along with 14 identified from other sources. Influenza incidence frequently declined after school closure. The effect was sometimes reversed when schools reopened, supporting a causal role for school closure in reducing incidence. Any benefits associated with school closure appeared to be greatest among school-aged children. However, as schools often closed late in the outbreak or other interventions were used concurrently, it was sometimes unclear how much school closure contributed to the reductions in incidence.ConclusionsSchool closures appear to have the potential to reduce influenza transmission, but the heterogeneity in the data available means that the optimum strategy (eg, the ideal length and timing of closure) remains unclear.

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“…Other studies comparing pandemic influenza with previous seasons have found that children admitted with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 were older than those admitted with seasonal influenza A in the years prior to the pandemic [3,7,8,26,[30][31][32][33]. Apart from age, no other differences were found in hospitalized and PICU cases during the pandemic period and the 2010/2011 season.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influenza in hospitalized children in Ireland in the pandemic period and the 2010/2011 season: risk factors for paediatric intensive-care-unit admission

et al. 2013

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Influenza causes significant morbidity and mortality in children. This study's objectives were to describe influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 during the pandemic, to compare it with circulating influenza in 2010/2011, and to identify risk factors for severe influenza defined as requiring admission to a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Children hospitalized with influenza during the pandemic were older, and more likely to have received antiviral therapy than children hospitalized during the 2010/2011 season. In 2010/2011, only one child admitted to a PICU with underlying medical conditions had been vaccinated. The risk of severe illness in the pandemic was higher in females and those with underlying conditions. In 2010/2011, infection with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 compared to other influenza viruses was a significant risk factor for severe disease. An incremental relationship was found between the number of underlying conditions and PICU admission. These findings highlight the importance of improving low vaccination uptake and increasing the use of antivirals in vulnerable children.

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Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 and Seasonal Influenza among Children, Israel

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

The dynamics of infection and the persistence of immunity to A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in Israel

The dynamics of infection and the persistence of immunity to A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in Israel

School closures and influenza: systematic review of epidemiological studies

Influenza in hospitalized children in Ireland in the pandemic period and the 2010/2011 season: risk factors for paediatric intensive-care-unit admission

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