Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus in 3 Wildlife Species, San Diego, California, USA

Pathogenicity and Transmissibility of Novel Reassortant H3N2 Influenza Viruses with 2009 Pandemic H1N1 Genes in Pigs

“…The 2009 pandemic was caused by a reassortant H1N1 virus whose genes are from North American triple-reassortant (PB2, PB1, PA, HA, NP, and NS) and Eurasian avian-like (NA and M) H1N1 swine viruses (8). The 2009 pandemic H1N1 [A(H1N1)pdm09] virus circulated in humans and crossed the species barrier to infect other animals, including swine, dogs, cats, and wild mammals (9)(10)(11)(12)(13). Importantly, the virus has been isolated from pigs worldwide, including Europe, Asia, South America, and North America (13)(14)(15)(16).…”

Experimental Infection of European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and House Sparrows (Passer domesticus) with Pandemic 2009 H1N1 and Swine H1N1 and H3N2 Triple Reassortant Influenza Viruses

“…), mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), chickens (Gallus domesticus), and Japanese quail (Coturnix japó nica) exhibited minimal or no clinical signs following either experimental or natural infection (Swayne et al, 2009;Ilyushina et al, 2010;Schaefer et al, 2011). In contrast, numerous captive and free-ranging wild mammals had severe respiratory disease that was sometimes fatal (Britton et al, 2010;Schrenzel et al, 2011). The ability of peridomestic passerines to become infected and therefore contribute to the maintenance or spread of swine-origin influenza viruses to mammals or other birds has not been described.…”

Comments to ‘Potential Pathogens Reported in Species of the Family Viverridae and Their Implications for Human and Animal Health’

“…These additional organisms reported for Viverridae include the bacteria: Bacillus anthracis in Genetta sp. (Ikede et al., ) and Proteus mirabilis in Binturong ( Arctictus binturong ); the viruses: Influenza A H1N1 in Binturong (Schrenzel et al., ), a rotavirus in a Masked palm civet ( Paguma larvata ) (Abe et al., ) and Aleution mink parvovirus in Common genet (Fournier‐Chambrillon et al., ); the arthropod Lorisicola (Paradoxuroecus) genettae on Common genet (Pérez‐Jiménez et al., ); three new species of tick (all from previously reported genera) – Rhipicephalus appendiculatus, Haemaphysalis aciculifer and Haemaphysalis parmat – from Large‐spotted civet ( G. tigrina ) (Punyua & Newson, ); and a nematode, Gnathostoma spinigerum , a pathogen included in our original review, isolated from Malayan civet ( Viverra tangalunga ) (Colon & Patton, ), but included here as it is the only published organism we have found for a linsang species, specifically the Banded linsang ( Prionodon linsang ) (Liat, ).…”