The pressures from population growth, changing diets and climate change are driving the need to transform global food production to ensure efficiency, improved reliability and more sustainable production methods. The arable land for crop production and permanent pastures in South Africa account for 10 to 12 percent of the total land surface. South Africa is classified as semi-arid, with the average rainfall below the world average. Dryland agriculture thus has to identify and promote management systems with high water-use efficiency; this is crucial in a country with a debilitating water deficit. Climate change is expected to exacerbate climate variability in South Africa and thus exert even more pressure on rain-fed dryland production. Conservation Agriculture is a holistic set of principles aimed as a guide to sustainable, reliable and climate smart farming practices. Although initially set as a guide for grain farmers the principles are also applicable, through adaptation of the three basic principles, to other agricultural commodities. The three principal system have been extensively promoted with successful adoption and adaptation in many countries. This paper aims to highlight the research results and challenges of rain-fed Conservation Agriculture in South Africa.