Pandemic Influenza (H1N1) and<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>Co-infection

Park, Yehyun; Chin, Bum Sik; Han, Sang Hoon; Yun, Yujung; Kim, Young Ju; Choi, Jun Yong; Kim, Chang Oh; Song, Young Goo; Kim, June Myung

doi:10.4046/trd.2014.76.2.84

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Influenza induces a temporary increase in the susceptibility to bacterial infections, exemplified by the frequent occurrence of bacterial pneumonia following viral pneumonitis [ 110 ]. Because influenza impairs the immune response, it may be expected that influenza could also promote the development of active TB among patients with latent TB infection (LTBI) [ 111 ]; however, the occurrence of TB may occur much later than the occurrence of influenza, thus making the temporal association difficult to demonstrate. There was an excess mortality from pulmonary TB during the influenza pandemics of 1889 and 1918 in Switzerland [ 112 ].…”

Section: Tb and Respiratory Viral Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemic and pandemic viral infections: impact on tuberculosis and the lung

et al. 2020

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Major epidemics including some that qualify as pandemics, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle-Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Human Immunodeficiency Virus, pandemic H1N1/09 and most recently COVID-19 affect the lung. Tuberculosis (TB) remains the top infectious disease killer but apart from the TB-HIV syndemic, little is known regarding the interaction of viral epidemics and pandemics with TB. The aim of this consensus-based document is to describe the effects of the viral infections resulting in epidemics and pandemics that affect the lung (MERS, SARS, HIV, influenza A (H1N1)pdm/09 and COVID-19) and their interactions with TB. A search of the scientific literature was performed. A writing committee of international experts including the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control Public Health Emergency (ECDC PHE) team, the World Association for Infectious Diseases and Immunological Disorders (WAidid), the Global Tuberculosis Network (GTN) and members of ESCMID Study Group for Mycobacterial Infections (ESGMYC) was established. Consensus was achieved after multiple rounds of revisions between the writing committee and a larger expert group. A Delphi process involving the core group of authors, excluding the ECDC PHE team identified the areas requiring review/consensus, followed by a second round to refine the definitive consensus elements. The epidemiology, immunology of these viral infections and their interactions with TB are discussed with implications on diagnosis, treatment and prevention of airborne infections (infection control, viral containment and workplace safety). This consensus document represents a rapid and comprehensive summary on what is known on the topic.

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Section: Tb and Respiratory Viral Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemic and pandemic viral infections: impact on tuberculosis and the lung

et al. 2020

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“…Although TB patients may have had impaired immune systems and therefore were more susceptible to developing influenza once exposed [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13], influenza morbidity in these institutional settings is generally lower for patients than for the employees. This result holds even after controlling for age, sex, and sanatorium.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even today, the WHO International Classification of Diseases groups pneumonia and influenza (PI) into the same category [5], while much research has focused on the links between influenza and pulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). A chronic, slow bacterial disease, TB can damage lung tissue, creating additional surfaces for other respiratory pathogens to attach, and impair recovery and the immune system [6,7,8,9,10]. Further, mouse models and other studies show that both diseases can impair immune system responses, promoting subsequent infection, enhanced mycobacterial growth, or the emergence of active TB in individuals with latent infections [11,12,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This would be due to no differences in (1) crowding and assortative mixing; (2) access to water and handwashing behavior; and (3) ability to engage in social distancing behavior. However, as the TB patients may have had impaired immune systems [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13], we assume that (B) TB patients were more susceptible to developing influenza once exposed and more likely to experience complications like pneumonia. We also assume that (C) the quality of basic health care (water, food, bed, and emotional support) offered to and received by the TB patients and employees were the same.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tuberculosis as a Risk Factor for 1918 Influenza Pandemic Outcomes

Mamelund

Dimka

2019

TropicalMed

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Tuberculosis (TB) mortality declined after the 1918 pandemic, suggesting that influenza killed those who would have died from TB. Few studies have analyzed TB as a direct risk factor for 1918 influenza morbidity and mortality by age and sex. We study the impacts of TB on influenza-like illness (% of population sick) and case fatality (% of cases dying) by age and sex through case-control comparisons of patients (N = 201) and employees (N = 97) from two Norwegian sanatoriums. Female patients, patients at Landeskogen sanatorium, and patients aged 10–39 years had significantly lower morbidity than the controls. None of the 62 sick employees died, while 15 of 84 sick patients did. The case-control difference in case fatality by sex was only significant for females at Lyster sanatorium and females at both sanatoriums combined. Non-significant case-control differences in case fatality for males were likely due to small samples. Patients 20–29 years for both sexes combined at Lyster sanatorium and at both sanatoriums combined, as well as females 20–29 years for both sanatoriums combined, had significantly higher case fatality. We conclude that TB was associated with higher case fatality, but morbidity was lower for patients than for employees. The results add to the study of interactions between bacterial and viral diseases and are relevant in preparing for pandemics in TB endemic areas.

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“…Similarly, understanding the immune response becomes more complicated when multiple pathogens interact with the immune system simultaneously or one after another. Studied examples of such coinfections include HIV and tuberculosis (8) , tuberculosis and influenza (9) , and malaria and influenza (10) .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Digital Twin Blueprint: A Comprehensive Mechanistic Model of the Human Immune System

Puniya

Moore

Mohammed

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The human immune system, which protects against pathogens and diseases, is a complex network of cells and molecules. The effects of complex dynamical interactions of pathogens and immune cells on the immune response can be studied using computational models. However, a model of the entire immune system is still lacking. Here, we developed a comprehensive computational model that integrates innate and adaptive immune cells, cytokines, immunoglobulins, and nine common pathogens from different classes of virus, bacteria, parasites, and fungi. This model was used to investigate the dynamics of the immune system under two scenarios: (1) single infection with pathogens, and (2) various medically relevant pathogen coinfections. In coinfections, we found that the order of infecting pathogens has a significant impact on the dynamics of cytokines and immunoglobulins. Thus, our model provides a tool to simulate immune responses under different dosage of pathogens and their combinations, which can be further extended and used as a tool for drug discovery and immunotherapy. Furthermore, the model provides a comprehensive and simulatable blueprint of the human immune system as a result of the synthesis of the vast knowledge about the network-like interactions of various components of the system.

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Pandemic Influenza (H1N1) andMycobacterium tuberculosisCo-infection

Cited by 11 publications

References 9 publications

Epidemic and pandemic viral infections: impact on tuberculosis and the lung

Epidemic and pandemic viral infections: impact on tuberculosis and the lung

Tuberculosis as a Risk Factor for 1918 Influenza Pandemic Outcomes

Immune Digital Twin Blueprint: A Comprehensive Mechanistic Model of the Human Immune System

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