Panting in dogs: Paths of air flow in response to heat and exercise

Goldberg, Marcia B.; Langman, V. A.; Taylor, Curtis R.

doi:10.1016/0034-5687(81)90113-4

Cited by 69 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Dogs seem to perform this maneuver when panting, and this may double the heat loss since the difference in temperature between air exhaled through the mouth and through the nose is substantial (241). The blood flow to the engorged and dripping tongue (and increased saliva production and consequent heat loss though vaporization on the tongue is also part of the heat dissipation strategy of dogs) seen in dogs while panting may help maintain the temperature of air exhaled through the mouth (105). Even in nonpanting animals, such as humans, exhaling humidified air through the mouth increases heat loss.…”

Section: Pantingmentioning

confidence: 96%

Coordination of Breathing with Nonrespiratory Activities

Bartlett¹,

Leiter²

2012

Comprehensive Physiology

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Many articles in this section of Comprehensive Physiology are concerned with the development and function of a central pattern generator (CPG) for the control of breathing in vertebrate animals. The action of the respiratory CPG is extensively modified by cortical and other descending influences as well as by feedback from peripheral sensory systems. The central nervous system also incorporates other CPGs, which orchestrate a wide variety of discrete and repetitive, voluntary and involuntary movements. The coordination of breathing with these other activities requires interaction and coordination between the respiratory CPG and those governing the nonrespiratory activities. Most of these interactions are complex and poorly understood. They seem to involve both conventional synaptic crosstalk between groups of neurons and fluid identity of neurons as belonging to one CPG or another: neurons that normally participate in breathing may be temporarily borrowed or hijacked by a competing or interrupting activity. This review explores the control of breathing as it is influenced by many activities that are generally considered to be nonrespiratory. The mechanistic detail varies greatly among topics, reflecting the wide variety of pertinent experiments.

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Section: Pantingmentioning

confidence: 96%

Coordination of Breathing with Nonrespiratory Activities

Bartlett¹,

Leiter²

2012

Comprehensive Physiology

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“…The latter has been extensively documented in many animal models (including goats, sheep, and dogs) that are traditionally used in studies of exercise hyperpnea, all of which rely on panting for thermolysis during exercise particularly under high ambient temperatures (Schmidt-Nielsen et al 1970; Goldberg et al 1981; Baker 1982; Schroter et al 1987; Nijland et al 1992; Entin et al 2005; Robertshaw 2006). Even in the horse, which is one of few non-human mammalian species that dissipate heat during exercise principally by evaporation of sweat, marked panting-like increases in f during exercise are said to account for some estimated 30–40% of the evaporative heat loss in compensation for their high mass-specific rate of heat production and low mass-specific surface area for heat dissipation compared to humans (McConaghy et al 1995; McConaghy et al 1998; Lindinger 1999).…”

Section: Balancing Respiratory and Thermal Homeostasis During Exermentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal interaction of respiratory and thermal regulation at rest and during exercise: Role of a serotonin-gated spinoparabrachial thermoafferent pathway

Poon

2009

Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology

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Recent evidence indicates that the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) in dorsolateral pons is pivotal in mediating the feedback control of inspiratory drive by central chemoreceptor input and feedforward control of body temperature by cutaneous thermoreceptor input. The latter is subject to descending serotonergic inhibition which gates the transmission of ascending thermoafferent information from spinal dorsal horn to the LPBN. Here, a model is proposed which suggests that the LPBN may be important in balancing respiratory and thermal homeostasis, two conflicting goals that are heightened by environmental heat/cold stress or exercise where the effects of respiratory thermolysis become prominent. This optimization model of respiratory-thermoregulatory interaction is supported by a host of recent studies which demonstrate that animals with serotonin (5-HT) dysfunction at the spinal dorsal horn—due to 5-HT antagonism, genetic 5-HT defects or spinal cord injury—all display similar respiratory abnormalities that are consistent with hyperactivity of the spinoparabrachial thermoafferent (and pain) pathway.

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“…In a study of breathing behaviors in dogs at varying levels of ambient temperature and exercise intensity, Goldberg et al (Goldberg et al, 1981) found that the temperature of the air exhaled through the nose at rest (T E ) followed a positive linear relationship with ambient temperature (T A ) that was elevated above and shallower in slope than the line T E =T A . Mean temperature for our experimental trials was 19.4°C; at 20°C, the dogs in the aforementioned study had a mean expired air temperature of about 26°C (as judged by fig.·3 in the referenced paper).…”

Section: Nasal Turbinatesmentioning

confidence: 99%