Paper-Based Analytical Devices for Accurate Assessment of Transferrin Saturation in Diagnosed Clinical Samples from Ischemic Stroke Patients

Abstract

For the first time, a paper-based analytical device (PAD) was developed for the assessment of transferrin saturation (TSAT), which is defined as the ratio between iron bound to transferrin (Tf) and the total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) of Tf. Both parameters were simultaneously measured on the same PAD using ferrozine as a chromophore and a smartphone as the color reader. To this end, Tf was first isolated from serum using anti-Tf immunomagnetic beads to ensure that only the Tf-bound iron was measured, improving the selectivity and accuracy of TSAT assessment. To demonstrate the practical utility of the device, it was validated by analyzing a certified reference material, showing excellent accuracy (E r < 4%) and good precision (RSD ≤ 6%). Finally, 18 diagnosed serum samples from ischemic stroke patients were analyzed by this approach, and the results were compared with those obtained by urea-PAGE, showing not only an excellent correlation (r = 0.93, p < 0.05) but that the PAD approach has become statistically identical to the free-interference urea-PAGE. In comparison with the slow, tedious, and non-miniaturized-PAGE, this PAD approach exhibited attractive characteristics such as low cost, disposability, and connectivity, showing great potential for future point-of-care testing, especially in developing countries and/or remote areas, where access to medical or clinical facilities is limited.

Identification of key genes and signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease via bioinformatics and next generation sequencing data analysis

“…SERPINA1 [521], LRRK2 [649], TF (transferrin) [650], REN (renin) [651], TLR2 [652], MOBP (myelin associated oligodendrocyte basic protein) [653], SYK (spleen associated tyrosine kinase) [654], MBP (myelin basic protein) [625], SHH (sonic hedgehog signaling molecule) [655], RBP4 [590], SNCB (synuclein beta) [543], MMP3 [656], VWF (von Willebrand factor) [657], EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) [658], ABCA1 [659] and GPR39 [618] are associated with the clinical stages of dementia. Altered expression of LRRK2 [660], GPR17 [661], TF (transferrin) [662], NEUROD1 [663], RELN (reelin) [664], LCP1 [665], TFAP2B [666], HOXA5 [667], MSR1 [668], REN (renin) [669], OLIG2 [670], TLR2 [671], WT1 [672], SLC22A3 [673], CADM2 [674], PRKCH (protein kinase C eta) [675], MBP (myelin basic protein) [676], XAF1 [677], GPR37 [678], SHH (sonic hedgehog signaling molecule) [679], VTN (vitronectin) [680], SIRT2 [681], RBP4 [682], BMP2 [683], CDH13 [684], NR3C2 [685], TRPC6 [686], MMP3 [687], FGF19 [688], HLA-DRB1 [689], CD74 [690], VWF (von Willebrand factor) [691], ANGPT2 [692], CHRDL1 [693], AKR1C3 [694], NEDD4L [695], CASP1 [696], PDE2A [697], GAS7 [698], TET1 [699], EFNB2 [700], EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) [701], ABCA1 [702], PDPN (podoplanin) [703], SLCO1B1 [704], COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase) [705] and GPR39 [706] have been reported to be associated with stroke. CHRNA4 [707], RELN (reelin) [708], VEGFC (vascular endothelial growth factor C) [709], FRMPD4 [710], SCN4B [711], SLCO5...…”

“…SERPINA1 [521], LRRK2 [649], TF (transferrin) [650], REN (renin) [651], TLR2 [652], MOBP (myelin associated oligodendrocyte basic protein) [653], SYK (spleen associated tyrosine kinase) [654], MBP (myelin basic protein) [625], SHH (sonic hedgehog signaling molecule) [655], RBP4 [590], SNCB (synuclein beta) [543], MMP3 [656], VWF (von Willebrand factor) [657], EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) [658], ABCA1 [659] and GPR39 [618] are associated with the clinical stages of dementia. Altered expression of LRRK2 [660], GPR17 [661], TF (transferrin) [662], NEUROD1 [663], RELN (reelin) [664], LCP1 [665], TFAP2B [666], HOXA5 [667], MSR1 [668], REN (renin) [669], OLIG2 [670], TLR2 [671], WT1 [672], SLC22A3 [673], CADM2 [674], PRKCH (protein kinase C eta) [675], MBP (myelin basic protein) [676], XAF1 [677], GPR37 [678], SHH (sonic hedgehog signaling molecule) [679], VTN (vitronectin) [680], SIRT2 [681], RBP4 [682], BMP2 [683], CDH13 [684], NR3C2 [685], TRPC6 [686], MMP3 [687], FGF19…”

Microfluidic Immunosensing Platform Based on a Rolling Circle Amplification-Assisted DNA Dendrimer Probe for Portable and Sensitive Detection of Allergen-Specific IgE

“…When biomarkers in the blood are detected, blood cells will interfere with the sensing, reducing sensitivity and specificity. To realize POCT applications, various lab-on-chip immunoassays have been proposed, such as centrifugal − or paper-based − microfluidic chips. Nevertheless, very few immunoassays could achieve the comprehensive traits of sensitive, accurate, and multiple analytes in blood, which are very vital for clinical applications.…”