Paper-Based Bi-Material Cantilever Actuator Bending Behavior and Modeling

Chen, Gordon; Kumar, Ashutosh; Heidari-Bafroui, Hojat; Smith, Winfield; Charbaji, Amer; Rahmani, Nassim; Anagnostopoulos, C.; Faghri, Mohammad

doi:10.3390/mi14050924

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…This paper models the response of B-MaC on fluidic loading of the paper-based cantilever. Our previous work modeled the curvature of the bilayer cantilever utilizing the average intralayer force and moment [39]. This paper presents the model for response deflection considering interfacial conditions of continuous strain and slope between the In conjunction with studying the behavior of B-MaC on fluidic loading, the material properties of paper-based cantilevers were obtained experimentally.…”

Section: Modeling Of B-macmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modeling of Paper-Based Bi-Material Cantilever Actuator for Microfluidic Biosensors

et al. 2023

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This research explores the dynamics of a fluidically loaded Bi-Material cantilever (B-MaC), a critical component of μPADs (microfluidic paper-based analytical devices) used in point-of-care diagnostics. Constructed from Scotch Tape and Whatman Grade 41 filter paper strips, the B-MaC’s behavior under fluid imbibition is examined. A capillary fluid flow model is formulated for the B-MaC, adhering to the Lucas–Washburn (LW) equation, and supported by empirical data. This paper further investigates the stress–strain relationship to estimate the modulus of the B-MaC at various saturation levels and to predict the behavior of the fluidically loaded cantilever. The study shows that the Young’s modulus of Whatman Grade 41 filter paper drastically decreases to approximately 20 MPa (about 7% of its dry-state value) upon full saturation. This significant decrease in flexural rigidity, in conjunction with the hygroexpansive strain and coefficient of hygroexpansion (empirically deduced to be 0.008), is essential in determining the B-MaC’s deflection. The proposed moderate deflection formulation effectively predicts the B-MaC’s behavior under fluidic loading, emphasizing the measurement of maximum (tip) deflection using interfacial boundary conditions for the B-MaC’s wet and dry regions. This knowledge of tip deflection will prove instrumental in optimizing the design parameters of B-MaCs.

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Section: Modeling Of B-macmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This research builds on and extends the recent work on the bending behavior and modeling of these cantilevers [39]. Our research intensively explores the behavior of B-MaCs under fluidic loading, with a specific focus on the impact of material properties, particularly the Young's modulus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Modeling of Paper-Based Bi-Material Cantilever Actuator for Microfluidic Biosensors

et al. 2023

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Moisture‐Driven Actuators

Tang,

Zhao,

Liu

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Water constitutes a huge circulation network in solid, liquid and gaseous forms that contains inestimable recyclable energy. Obtaining energy from gaseous moisture is challenging but of great significance to promote the energy upgrading. The emergence of moisture‐driven actuator (MDA) provides an effective way in converting moisture energy to mechanical energy. The MDA can combine with water molecules through hygroscopicity and swell to produce macroscopic deformation. Due to the wide distribution of humidity and the wireless driving mode, MDA shows great application potential in the fields of environmental monitoring, remote control and energy harvesting. This paper comprehensively reviews the research progress of MDA from aspects of hydrophilic materials, structures, preparing methods, multi‐response integration and applications, aiming at providing guidance for the design, preparation and application of MDA. Besides, the challenges faced by MDA are analyzed and corresponding solutions are proposed, which points out the next stage developing direction of MDA.

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Dynamic Response of Paper-Based Bi-Material Cantilever Actuator

Kumar,

Hatayama,

Rahmani

et al. 2023

Micro

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This work presents a dynamic modeling approach for analyzing the behavior of a bi-material cantilever actuator structure, consisting of a strip of filter paper bonded to a strip of tape. The actuator’s response is induced by a mismatch strain generated upon wetting, leading to the bending of the cantilever. The study delves into a comprehensive exploration of the dynamic deflection characteristics of the bilayer structure. It untangles the intricate connections among the saturation, modulus, hygro-expansion strain, and deflection, while uniquely addressing the challenges stemming from fluid–structure coupling. To solve the coupled fluid–solid differential equations, a combined numerical method is employed. This involves the application of the Highly Simplified Marker and Cell (HSMAC) technique for fluid flow analysis and the Finite Difference Method (FDM) for response deflection computation. In terms of the capillary flow model, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations closely align with the classical Washburn relationship, depicting the wetted front’s evolution over time. Furthermore, the numerical findings demonstrate that heightened saturation levels trigger an increase in hygro-expansion strain, consequently leading to a rapid rise in response deflection until a static equilibrium is achieved. This phenomenon underscores the pivotal interplay among saturation, hygro-expansion strain, and deflection within the system. Additionally, the actuator’s response sensitivity to material characteristics is highlighted. As the mismatch strain evolving from paper hygro-expansion diminishes, a corresponding reduction in the axial strain causes a decrease in response deflection. The dynamic parameter demonstrates that the deflection response of the bilayer actuator diminishes as dynamic pressure decreases, reaching a minimal level beyond which further changes are negligible. This intricate correlation underscores the device’s responsiveness to specific material traits, offering prospects for precise behavior tuning. The dependence of paper modulus on saturation levels is revealed to significantly influence bilayer actuator deflection. With higher saturation content, the modulus decreases, resulting in amplified deflection. Finally, strong concordance is observed among the present fluidically coupled model, the static model, and empirical data—a testament to the accuracy of the numerical formulation and results presented in this study.

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Paper-Based Bi-Material Cantilever Actuator Bending Behavior and Modeling

Cited by 3 publications

References 26 publications

Modeling of Paper-Based Bi-Material Cantilever Actuator for Microfluidic Biosensors

Modeling of Paper-Based Bi-Material Cantilever Actuator for Microfluidic Biosensors

Moisture‐Driven Actuators

Dynamic Response of Paper-Based Bi-Material Cantilever Actuator

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