Paper-based potentiometric sensing devices modified with chemically reduced graphene oxide (CRGO) for trace level determination of pholcodine (opiate derivative drug)

Abstract

Robust, reliable and cost-effective paper-based analytical device for potentiometric pholcodine (opiate derivative drug) ion sensing has been prepared and characterized.

Microfluidic Paper-Based Analytical Devices: From Design to Applications

“…The ISE and reference electrode are separated by a salt bridge (paper soaked with electrolyte solution) and electromotive force (EMF) is measured between the electrodes during the potentiometric sensing. Besides detecting clinically relevant ions and heavy metals, paper-based potentiometric sensing has also been applied for quantifying disease biomarkers, , pathogenic organisms, , environmental pollutants, and drugs. , Antibodies, aptamers, or MIPs to the target analytes can be used as receptors in place of ionophores. ,, …”

“…Besides detecting clinically relevant ions and heavy metals, paper-based potentiometric sensing has also been applied for quantifying disease biomarkers, 321,322 pathogenic organisms, 323,324 environmental pollutants, 325 and drugs. 326,327 Antibodies, aptamers, or MIPs to the target analytes can be used as receptors in place of ionophores. 323,325,327 Various types of electrochemical readers ranging from benchtop instruments to handheld devices have been used with ePADs.…”

Low-cost potentiometric paper-based analytical device based on newly synthesized macrocyclic pyrido-pentapeptide derivatives as novel ionophores for point-of-care copper(ii) determination

“…In a drying chamber, the solvent was evaporated at 80 °C for 30 min until a uniform layer of CF 10 is formed above the paper substrate. 48 The carbon-nanotube ink (CNT) is then painted above the hydrophobic paper substrate and left to dry in the oven for 20 min. The measured resistance of the paper was around 300 Ω sq −1 and becomes conductive.…”

Determination of pholcodine alone or in combination with ephedrine in human plasma using fluorescence spectroscopy

“…Variable methods for determination of PHL have been reported including UV/Vis spectrophotometry 9 , spectrofluorimetry 10 , high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 11 – 14 , gas chromatography (GC) 15 , chemiluminescence 16 , non-aqueous titration 17 , and electrochemistry 5 , 18 . Similarly, EPH was determined using spectrophotometric methods 19 – 22 , HPLC 23 – 25 , capillary electrophoresis 26 – 29 , GC 30 , 31 , LC-MS 30 , 32 , 33 , and electrochemistry 34 , 35 .…”