Papierchromatographie von zellstreckend wirksamen Indolkörpern ausBrassica-Arten

Linser, H.; Mayr, H.; Maschek, Fridolin

doi:10.1007/bf01938291

Cited by 43 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Seed plants appear to take advantage of the sensitivity of some bacteria to IPA to suppress pathogens; the compound was secreted by the roots of axenically grown Arabidopsis treated with salicylic acid, a compound that is usually formed in response to microbial attack (Walker et al, 2003). Further research will show if the occurrence of IPA in (nonsterile) Cucurbita pepo hypocotyls (Segal and Wightman, 1982) and in the roots of Pisum sativum seedlings (Schneider et al, 1985) and the preliminary evidence for its presence in Brassica oleracea (Linser et al, 1954), Nicotiana tabacum leaves (Bayer, 1969), and Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cotyledons (Aung, 1972) should be viewed as a response to bacterial attack, as a result of bacterial contamination, or as evidence for a role in plant development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Auxin Conjugate Hydrolase from Wheat with Substrate Specificity for Longer Side-Chain Auxin Amide Conjugates

et al. 2004

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This study investigates how the ILR1-like indole acetic acid (IAA) amidohydrolase family of genes has functionally evolved in the monocotyledonous species wheat (Triticum aestivum). An ortholog for the Arabidopsis IAR3 auxin amidohydrolase gene has been isolated from wheat (TaIAR3). The TaIAR3 protein hydrolyzes negligible levels of IAA-Ala and no other IAA amino acid conjugates tested, unlike its ortholog IAR3. Instead, TaIAR3 has low specificity for the ester conjugates IAA-Glc and IAAmyoinositol and high specificity for the conjugates of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA-Ala and IBA-Gly) and indole-3-propionic-acid (IPA-Ala) so far tested. TaIAR3 did not convert the methyl esters of the IBA conjugates with Ala and Gly. IBA and IBA conjugates were detected in wheat seedlings by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, where the conjugate of IBA with Ala may serve as a natural substrate for this enzyme. Endogenous IPA and IPA conjugates were not detected in the seedlings. Additionally, crude protein extracts of wheat seedlings possess auxin amidohydrolase activity. Temporal expression studies of TaIAR3 indicate that the transcript is initially expressed at day 1 after germination. Expression decreases through days 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20. Spatial expression studies found similar levels of expression throughout all wheat tissues examined.In vascular plants, auxins, primarily indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), regulate gene expression, cell division, and cell elongation and differentiation in plant tissue. Auxins also affect vascularization, phototropism, geotropism, fruit development, flower development, and apical dominance (Davies, 1995). While IAA in low concentrations stimulates growth and development, higher concentrations can be toxic to the plant (Bandurski et al., 1995). Therefore, tight control of IAA concentration is necessary for proper plant development.IAA is stored in conjugated forms that are mostly considered to be inactive. Two main types of conjugated molecules have been studied: the amide-linked IAA forms bound to one or more amino acids and the ester-linked forms primarily bound to a sugar(s). These two types of conjugates appear to be found at varying concentrations in the diverse tissues of angiosperms (Domagalski et al., 1987). On average, 95% of all IAA in a plant is conjugated into these storage forms (Cohen and Bandurski, 1982;Bandurski et al., 1995;Campanella et al., 1996;Walz et al., 2002).There have been a variety of amide conjugates found in the plants studied to date. IAA-Asp has been identified as a natural conjugate in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris; Andersson and Sandberg, 1982) and, together with IAA-Glu, in cucumber (Sonner and Purves, 1985) and soybean (Cohen, 1982). IAA-Ala has been detected in Picea abies Karst (Ö stin et al., 1992). Additionally, IAA-Ala, IAA-Asp, IAA-Leu, and IAA-Glu have been detected in Arabidopsis L. Heynh (Tam et al., 2000;Kowalczyk and Sandberg, 2001), although recent data suggest that IAA peptides may account for the majority of amide conjugates in this and other plant ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Auxin Conjugate Hydrolase from Wheat with Substrate Specificity for Longer Side-Chain Auxin Amide Conjugates

et al. 2004

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“…Subsequently, -hen IAN was isolated from natural sources, it was proposed that IAN and IAM (14) were likely intermediates in the conversion of TTP to IAA (11). This latter view received additional support with the demonstration that IAN can be converted to IAX (19 (17).…”

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confidence: 99%

Conversion of Tryptophan-2-C¹⁴ to Indoleacetic Acid by Watermelon Tissue Slices

Dannenburg

Liverman

1957

Plant Physiol.

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It was suggested some years ago that the plant growth hormone, IAA4 arises from TTP through a series of reactions involving IPvA or TNH2 and IAc (13,21). Subsequently, -hen IAN was isolated from natural sources, it was proposed that IAN and IAM (14) were likely intermediates in the conversion of TTP to IAA (11). This latter view received additional support with the demonstration that IAN can be converted to IAX (19 (17). Approximately 7 to 10 days after hand pollination, when the melons were approximately 3 cm long, the outer covering (rind) was removed, and the remaining tissue sliced into thin sections. These sections were randomized and slices equivalent to two melons (10 to 12 gm) were added to a 125-ml Erlenmeyer flask containing 9 ml of M/15 KH2PO4 Each ml of buffer contained 300 units of penicillin G and 5 mg of DL-TTP (specific activity equal to 1,032,000 cpm/mg). The medium was made 1 x 103 M with respect to ascorbic acid to inhibit the destruction of IAA (2, 23). The final pH was 4.5 + 0.1. The optimum pH for the conversion of TTP to IAA by spinach tissues (25) has been reported to be 7.5, but it is also at this pH that I&A is most rapidly destroyed (20). It was deci(le(l therefore to use pH 4.5 to retard this enzymatic destruction, and even though the amouints of TTP converted woould probably be decreased, the radioactive label woould enable detection of the indole dlerivatives. In addition, the acidl pll would(l iscourage bacterial growth and enhance the stability of IPvA (1). The flasks were plugged with cotton, wrapped in black, light-proof paper and placed on a shaker at room temperature (25 ± 2°C) for 20 hours.In more receint experiments, wlhere TTP-2-C14 was incubatedI with Avena coleoptile tissue for 20 hoturs, compouin(ds apparently identical to those found in watermelon were observed. Further experiments with acetone clried powder of Avena showed these same compounds to be formed after a 30-minuite incubation periodI (unpublished, Dannenburg and Liverman). It appears then that the conversion of TTP to I&A in these experiments with watermelon tissue constitutes a normal biochemical conversion. After incubation, the flasks were placed in boiling water for 10 minutes andl then cooled. The contents and wash water from each flask were placed in a mortar and triturated with washed, ignited sand. The resulting brei was centrifuged, the supernatant was decanted,

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“…Whilst there are also reports that other acidic indole auxins such as 13-(indole-3)propionic acid (61,121,131), /'-(indole-3)butyric acid (23), IPyA (23,192,193), indole-3-glyoxylic acid (61,131), and indole-3-glycollic acid (61,131) can be extracted from plants, further work and discussion lead to the conclusion that it is improbable that free IPyA and indole-3-glycollic acid have been obtained from plants (18,80,97,130,176,190). For example, chromatography in ammoniacal solvents was employed to demonstrate IPyA in maize endosperm [Stowe & Thimann (192,193)]; complete break down of synthetic IPyA during chromatography, however, was observed in such solvents and Bentley et aZ.…”

Section: Auxins In Normal Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are regarded as intermediates in auxin biogenesis or as products of auxin detoxification and degradation. These have relatively simple structures like indole from orange blossom (194); skatole from various Brassicae (121) and Tachigalia myrmecophila (4); indole-3-aldehyde from Brassicae (SO, 96) and pea (36); indole-3-car boxylic acid from tomato (41,52), pea (36), and various Brassicae (36,61,96,120,131,158) j malonyltryptophan from tomato, pea, and oat (72); 5-hydroxytryptamine from cotton fruit and skunk cabbage (34), tomato (220), and cowhage (28); and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid from tomato (220).…”

Section: Auxins In Normal Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indole Auxins

Fawcett¹

1961

Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol.

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Papierchromatographie von zellstreckend wirksamen Indolkörpern ausBrassica-Arten

Cited by 43 publications

References 17 publications

A Novel Auxin Conjugate Hydrolase from Wheat with Substrate Specificity for Longer Side-Chain Auxin Amide Conjugates

A Novel Auxin Conjugate Hydrolase from Wheat with Substrate Specificity for Longer Side-Chain Auxin Amide Conjugates

Conversion of Tryptophan-2-C¹⁴ to Indoleacetic Acid by Watermelon Tissue Slices

Indole Auxins

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Papierchromatographie von zellstreckend wirksamen Indolkörpern ausBrassica-Arten

Cited by 43 publications

References 17 publications

A Novel Auxin Conjugate Hydrolase from Wheat with Substrate Specificity for Longer Side-Chain Auxin Amide Conjugates

A Novel Auxin Conjugate Hydrolase from Wheat with Substrate Specificity for Longer Side-Chain Auxin Amide Conjugates

Conversion of Tryptophan-2-C14 to Indoleacetic Acid by Watermelon Tissue Slices

Indole Auxins

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Conversion of Tryptophan-2-C¹⁴ to Indoleacetic Acid by Watermelon Tissue Slices