Paraben-chlorinated derivatives in river waters

Occurrence and human exposure of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pools

“…Compared with other environmental water samples, the concentrations of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in swimming pool water samples in the present study were approximately one to two orders of magnitude higher than those found in tap water (Carmona et al 2014), river water (Terasaki et al 2012), and marine water (Jonkers et al 2010), nd not detected even in the same order of magnitude as those in influents of wastewater treatment plants (Jonkers et al 2009;Lee et al 2005), indicting that the levels of target compounds in the swimming pool are relatively high. Thus, the potential risks due to long-term exposure to swimming pool water containing parabens and their chlorinated derivatives should be paid more attention.…”

“…As the routine preservatives in various cosmetics and sun care products, parabens may be introduced by a large number of swimmers into the water of swimming pools. In addition, due to the active phenolic hydroxyl groups, parabens can be easily transformed to mono-and di-chlorinated derivatives in chlorinated water (Terasaki et al 2012;Westerhoff et al 2005). Therefore, parabens may react with free chlorine to form chlorinated parabens during disinfection of swimming pool water, which are more stable in environment and more toxic than the corresponding parent parabens (Bledzka et al 2014;Terasaki et al 2009).…”

Occurrence, fate and risk assessment of parabens and their chlorinated derivatives in an advanced wastewater treatment plant

“…Similar levels of di-chlorinated MeP were reported to occur in raw sewage water at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 ng/L [11]. Compared to their respective parent compounds, chlorinated derivatives, especially the di-chlorinated derivatives, are more stable in the environment and more toxic to aquatic organisms [30], so these compounds are worth paying more attention to their environmental fate and toxicological properties. However, due to the lack of commercially standard for these by-products [23], limited information is available for the occurrence and behavior of chlorinated parabens in WWTPs.…”

“…However, the concentrations of these parabens in the influent were at least one order of magnitude less than those in Galicia, Spain (MeP: 1926-5138 ng/L; EtP: 452-549 ng/L; PrP: 1147-1302 ng/L; BuP: 150-181 ng/L) [29], and Central Pacific region of Japan (MeP: 2642 ng/L; EtP: 1036 ng/L; PrP: 1393 ng/L; BuP: 52 ng/L) [30]. As the main metabolite and degradation product of parabens, PHBA was also found in the influent, with a mean concentration of 590 ng/L, which was comparable to those previously reported in Southern Ontario, Canada (776 ng/L) [9].…”

“…Recent studies have showed that parabens, as well as their chlorinated derivatives preferentially partitioned into the suspended solid phase in river water [1,30], suggesting their ability to adhere to solid environmental matrices. Previous study suggested that hydrophobic interaction plays a predominant role in sorption at neutral pH [35].…”