Parabens in urine of children and adolescents in Germany – human biomonitoring results of the german environmental survey 2014–2017 (GerES V)

Increased Prevalence of Atopic Dermatitis in Children Aged 0–3 Years Highly Exposed to Parabens

“…Furthermore, the RHINESSA study in Bergen, Norway [ 19 ], on 496 adults and 90 adolescents reported contrasting findings to the present results, namely, urinary paraben concentrations were lower in subjects with current eczema. The discrepancies between the RHINESSA study and the present results may be attributed to differences in the ages of subjects; however, it is important to note that the urinary concentration of methylparaben, which accounts for most urinary parabens [ 28 , 29 ], in the RHINESSA study was 5.63 ng/mL in adolescents, which was markedly lower than 55.1 μg/g Cr in 3–5 year old children examined by the Korean National Environmental Health Survey [ 30 ]. A comparative study of urinary paraben concentrations between Asian and Western countries performed by Honda et al [ 28 ] revealed higher concentrations in Asian countries, including Korea, Japan, and India.…”

Simultaneous and sensitive determination of the main metabolites of the plasticizer DEHP and its substitutes DEHTP, DINCH and TEHTM in human urine by coupling of on-line SPE, UHPLC and tandem mass spectrometry

“…For the TEHTM metabolites the use of articial urine was not necessary since till now, native urine usually shows no signicant background levels of TEHTM metabolites. 48 Taken together, the acquired reliability data demonstrates a high sensitivity for all analytes in addition to a good precision and accuracy. A summary of the obtained validation data is shown in Table 4.…”

“…(2021) 39 and Murawski et al (2021). 48 The secondary TEHTM metabolites were not found in any of the samples. Two fundamental reasons may be identied: rstly, TEHTM is still mainly applied as a plasticizer for medical devices only, resulting in a low potential exposure of the general population without exposure to medical devices.…”

“…Previous investigations showed rather low background levels of TEHTM metabolites in human urine. 39,48 Therefore, due to the high requirements on method sensitivity regarding the TEHTM metabolites as well as the particular challenge in extraction and chromatographic separation of several regioisomeric analytes, the presented method was based on a previous on-line SPE LC-MS/MS method of our working group for the determination of TEHTM metabolites in urine 39 and was modied in order to include the described biomarkers of DEHP, DINCH and DEHTP.…”

Biomarker-Determined Nonylphenol Exposure and Associated Risks in Children of Thailand, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia

“…CE smoothed [mg/(kg bw·day)] was estimated individually for each child based on his/her height and the daily creatinine excretion estimate reported by Remer et al (2002) for the respective height group, divided by the weight of the respective child. This approach has proven effective in the exposure assessment of children − since creatinine excretion, which depends on muscle mass and growth status, correlates better with body height than with age in children. , Complete biometrical information (age, height, weight, and sex) was available for 74% of Thai, 99% of Indonesian, and 94% of Saudi children. A detailed description of the CE smoothing approach for DI calculation including the procedure for missing biometrical information can be found in Section I of the Supporting Information.…”