Parabens Permeation through Biological Membranes: A Comparative Study Using Franz Cell Diffusion System and Biomimetic Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

Parabens (PBs) are used as preservatives to extend the shelf life of various foodstuffs, and pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations. In this work, the membrane barrier passage potential of a subset of seven parabens, i.e., methyl-, ethyl-, propyl- isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and benzyl paraben, along with their parent compound, p-hydroxy benzoic acid, were studied. Thus, the Franz cell diffusion (FDC) method, biomimetic liquid chromatography (BLC), and in silico prediction were performed to evaluate the soundness of both describing their permeation through the skin. While BLC allowed the achievement of a full scale of affinity for membrane phospholipids of the PBs under research, the permeation of parabens through Franz diffusion cells having a carbon chain > ethyl could not be measured in a fully aqueous medium, i.e., permeation enhancer-free conditions. Our results support that BLC and in silico prediction alone can occasionally be misleading in the permeability potential assessment of these preservatives, emphasizing the need for a multi-technique and integrated experimental approach.

Transdermal Delivery of Pramipexole Using Microneedle Technology for the Potential Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease

“…The skin was obtained from stillborn piglets less than 24 h after birth using an electric dermatome (Integra Life Sciences, Padgett Instruments, NJ, USA) or a scalpel for full thickness skin, and hair was removed prior to the study. PBS (pH 7.4) was used as the receptor medium during this study as it mimics the ion concentration, osmolarity, and pH of human blood . PBS (pH 7.4) was placed in the receiver compartment of Franz cells along with a magnetic stirring bar and stirred at 600 rpm to enable equilibration, with the temperature maintained at 37 ± 1 °C.…”

“…PBS (pH 7.4) was used as the receptor medium during this study as it mimics the ion concentration, osmolarity, and pH of human blood. 37 PBS (pH 7.4) was placed in the receiver compartment of Franz cells along with a magnetic stirring bar and stirred at 600 rpm to enable equilibration, with the temperature maintained at 37 ± 1 °C. Skin was fixed to the donor compartment of the Franz cells using cyanoacrylate glue.…”

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“…The lag time was calculated based on the extrapolation of the linear portion of the permeated amount per unit area (mg/cm 2 ) versus the time plot [ 49 ]. The permeability coefficient (10 −6 ·cm/h) was determined by dividing the flux (mg·cm −2 ·h −1 ) by the drug concentration in the donor phase (mg/cm 3 ) [ 50 ].…”

Neutral Oil-Incorporated Liposomal Nanocarrier for Increased Skin Delivery of Ascorbic Acid

“…Trendline extrapolation of the permeated amount per unit area (μg/cm 2 ) versus the time plot was used to calculate the lag time (h). The permeability coefficient (10 −6 cm/h) was calculated by dividing the flux (μg/cm 2 ∙h) by the concentration of Vit C in the donor compartment (μg/cm 3 ) [ 28 ].…”