Paracetamol toxicity: epidemiology, prevention and costs to the health-care system

Sheen, C. L.; Dillon, John; Bateman, D. N.; Simpson, Kenneth J.; MacDonald, Thomas M.

doi:10.1093/qjmed/95.9.609

Cited by 117 publications

(75 citation statements)

References 131 publications

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“…In the Nordic countries, usage increased fivefold between 1978 and 1988, and in 1994-1995, the rates in some developed countries exceeded 20 g/person/year (Sheen et al 2002). Paracetamol was dispensed in 2006 in Wales (population approximately three million) at the level of over 140 tons, more than 45 g/person/year (Jones et al 2007;Verlicchi et al 2010).…”

Section: Paracetamol In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paracetamol in the environment and its degradation by microorganisms

Zhang

Chen

2012

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

246

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Paracetamol (4′-hydroxyacetanilide, N-acetyl-paminophenol, acetaminophen, and paracetamol) is a widely used over-the-counter analgesic and antipyretic drug. Paracetamol and structural analogs are ubiquitous in the natural environment and easily accumulate in aquatic environment, which have been detected in surface waters, wastewater, and drinking water throughout the world. Paracetamol wastewater is mainly treated by chemical oxidation processes. Although these chemical methods may be available for treating these pollutants, the harsh reaction conditions, the generation of secondary pollutants, and the high operational cost associated with these methods have often made them not a desirable choice. Biodegradation of paracetamol is being considered as an environmentally friendly and low-cost option. The goal of this review is to provide an outline of the current knowledge of biodegradation of paracetamol in the occurrence, degrading bacteria, and proposed metabolic/ biodegrading pathways, enzymes and possible intermediates. The comprehensive understanding of the metabolic pathways and enzyme systems involved in the utilization of paracetamol means will be helpful for optimizing and allowing rational design of biodegradation systems for paracetamol-contaminated wastewater.

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Section: Paracetamol In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paracetamol in the environment and its degradation by microorganisms

Zhang

Chen

2012

Appl Microbiol Biotechnol

246

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“…Paracetamol is contained in many preparations, available as both over-the-counter and as prescription-only medications. Because of its wide availability paired with comparably high toxicity, (compared to ibuprofen and aspirin) there is a much higher potential for overdose 2 . Paracetamol is especially dangerous on the liver if taken over long periods 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The protective effects of aqueous extract of Carica papaya seeds in paracetamol induced nephrotoxicity in male wistar rats

Naggayi¹,

Mukiibi²,

Ezekiel³

2015

Afr H. Sci.

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Background: Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the development of drug induced nephrotoxicity. The study aimed to determine the nephroprotective and ameliorative effects of Carica papaya seed extract in paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Objectives: To carry out phytochemical screening of Carica papaya, measure serum urea, creatinine and uric acid and describe the histopathological status of the kidneys in the treated and untreated groups. Methods: Phytochemical screening of the extract was done. Thirty two adult male Wistar rats were divided into four groups (n= 8 in each group). Group A (control) animals received normal saline for seven days, group B (paracetamol group) received normal saline, and paracetamol single dose on the 8th day. Group C received Carica papaya extract (CPE) 500 mg/ kg, and paracetamol on the 8th day, while group D, rats were pretreated with CPE 750 mg/kg/day,and paracetamol administration on the 8th day. Samples of kidney tissue were removed for histopathological examination. Results: Screening of Carica papaya showed presence of nephroprotective pytochemicals. Paracetamol administration resulted in significant elevation of renal function markers. CPE ameliorated the effect of paracetamol by reducing the markers as well as reversing the paracetamol-induced changes in kidney architecture. Conclusion: Carica papaya contains nephroprotective phytochemicals and may be useful in preventing kidney damage induced by paracetamol.

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“…Afterward, the incidence of poisoning has increased in overdose. Paracetamol is now the most common drug in self-poisoning, with a high rate of morbidity and mortality (Sheen et al, 2002). Paracetamol mainly causes liver injury and failure (Larson et al, 2005;Ryder and Beckingham, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Zingiber Officinale on paracetamol-induced genotoxicity in male rats

Salah¹,

Abdouh²,

Booles³

et al. 2012

J. Med. Plants Res.

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The mutagenic effects of paracetamol (acetaminophen) in male rat using in vivo mutagenicity tests, chromosomal aberrations of somatic and germ cells, molecular assay and biochemical were studied. Paracetamol genotoxicity on normal divided cells has been reported. The data obtained showed that the ability of paracetamol to bind and interact with genetic material lead to changes in chromosomal behavior and structure during mitosis. The significant increase in chromosomal aberration, the changes in the number, position and intensity of bands, liver and renal damages induced by paracetamol may be attributed to the fact that paracetamol can induce genotoxicity through DNA damage. Paracetamol also stimulated AST and ALT activity, these stimulations indicated liver cell necrosis. Paracetamol-induced acute renal damage by the elevations in blood urea, uric acid and creatinine levels. Paracetamol showed abnormal values of protein profile in blood. The treatments with ginger presented hepatoprotective effect, also ginger can protect against oxidative kidneys tissue damage that reduced lipid peroxiation in liver and kidneys. The possible mechanism by which ginger exhibited significant protection against paracetamol-induced genotoxicity and hepatotoxicity may be due to its antioxidant effect. It may also be responsible for the hepatoprotective activity and attainment of normal frequencies of chromosomal aberration in ginger-treated rats. Thus, the present study indicated that the genotoxicity products at low concentration and for long time treatment showed the hazard of paracetamol addiction on human's life.

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Paracetamol toxicity: epidemiology, prevention and costs to the health-care system

Cited by 117 publications

References 131 publications

Paracetamol in the environment and its degradation by microorganisms

Paracetamol in the environment and its degradation by microorganisms

The protective effects of aqueous extract of Carica papaya seeds in paracetamol induced nephrotoxicity in male wistar rats

Effect of Zingiber Officinale on paracetamol-induced genotoxicity in male rats

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