Paracheck® rapid diagnostic test for detecting malaria infection in under five children: a population-based survey in Burkina Faso

Samadoulougou, Sékou; Kirakoya‐Samadoulougou, Fati; Sarrassat, Sophie; Tinto, Halidou; Bakiono, Fidèle; Nébié, Issa; Robert, Annie

doi:10.1186/1475-2875-13-101

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The other studies regarding Paracheck Pf.® mentioned only malaria positive or negative and did not mention faint test bands [12–15, 17, 18, 22–48]. The reasons of this paucity of studies mentioning the frequency of faint test band could be that the number of faint test bands was very small or faint test bands were not paid much attention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The correlation between malaria RDT (Paracheck pf.®) faint test bands and microscopy in the diagnosis of malaria in Malawi

Makuuchi¹,

Jere

Hasejima³

et al. 2017

BMC Infect Dis

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BackgroundFaint test bands of Paracheck Pf.® are interpreted as malaria positive according to world health organization (WHO) guideline. However if there are conspicuous number of faint test bands, a performance of Paracheck Pf.® could be influenced depending on whether interpreting faint test bands as malaria positive or negative. Finding out the frequency and accurate interpretation of faint test bands are important to prevent the overdiagnosis and drug resistance.MethodsA cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted to find out the frequency of faint test bands and evaluate the performance of Paracheck Pf.® by sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of diagnosis of Paracheck Pf.® using microscopy as the gold standard. 388 suspected patients with malaria in Malawi were recruited in this study. Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and microscopy were used and patients’ information which includes age, sex, body temperature and signs or symptoms of malaria were recorded.ResultsAmong all patients involved in the study, 29.1% (113/388) were found malaria positive by RDT. Overall 5.4% (21/388) of all Paracheck Pf.® tests resulted in a “faint test band” and 85.7% (18/21) corresponded with malaria negative by microscopy. Faint test bands which corresponded with malaria positive by microscopy were lower parasite density and there are no patients who showed definitive symptom of malaria, such as fever. When Paracheck Pf.® “faint test bands” were classified as positive, accuracy of diagnosis was 76.5% (95% CI 72%–80.7%) as compared to 80.4% (95% CI 76.1%–84.2%) when Paracheck Pf.® “faint test bands” were classified as negative.ConclusionsThis study shows that frequency of faint test bands is 5.4% in all malaria RDTs. The accuracy of diagnosis was improved when faint test bands were interpreted as malaria negative. However information and data obtained in this study may not be enough and more intensive research including a frequency and property of faint test bands is needed for significant interpretation of faint test bands.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The correlation between malaria RDT (Paracheck pf.®) faint test bands and microscopy in the diagnosis of malaria in Malawi

Makuuchi¹,

Jere

Hasejima³

et al. 2017

BMC Infect Dis

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“…For elimination purposes all suspected cases should be confirmed and treatment should be based on laboratory test results [ 37 ]. Botswana used Paracheck RDT that is specific to P. falciparum and has a sensitivity of 89 to 96 % and specificity of 50.4 to 80.0 %, thus the performance of this test could have led to problems estimating the true prevalence of malaria infections [ 38 – 41 ]. Consequently, other Plasmodium species would not be detected and low level parasitemias by P. falciparum might not be recognized during screening near positive cases - underestimating the real prevalence of infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Malaria elimination in Botswana, 2012–2014: achievements and challenges

Chihanga

Haque

Chanda³

et al. 2016

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundBotswana significantly reduced its malaria burden between 2000 and 2012. Incidence dropped from 0.99 to 0.01 % and deaths attributed to malaria declined from 12 to 3. The country initiated elimination strategies in October 2012. We examine the progress and challenges during implementation and identify future needs for a successful program in Botswana.MethodsA national, rapid notification and response strategy was developed. Cases detected through the routine passive surveillance system at health facilities were intended to initiate screening of contacts around a positive case during follow up. Positive cases were reported to district health management teams to activate district rapid response teams (DRRT). The health facility and the DRRT were to investigate the cases, and screen household members within 100 m of case households within 48 h of notification using rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and microscopy. Positive malaria cases detected in health facilities were used for spatial analysis.ResultsThere were 1808 malaria cases recorded in Botswana during 26 months from October, 2012 to December, 2014. Males were more frequently infected (59 %) than females. Most cases (60 %) were reported from Okavango district which experienced an outbreak in 2013 and 2014. Among the factors creating challenges for malaria eradication, only 1148 cases (63.5 %) were captured by the required standardized notification forms. In total, 1080 notified cases were diagnosed by RDT. Of the positive malaria cases, only 227 (12.6 %) were monitored at the household level. One hundred (8.7 %) cases were associated with national or transnational movement of patients. Local movements of infected individuals within Botswana accounted for 31 cases while 69 (6.01 %) cases were imported from other countries. Screening individuals in and around index households identified 37 additional, asymptomatic infections. Oscillating, sporadic and new malaria hot-spots were detected in Botswana during the study period.ConclusionBotswana’s experience shows some of the practical challenges of elimination efforts. Among them are the substantial movements of human infections within and among countries, and the persistence of asymptomatic reservoir infections. Programmatically, challenges include improving the speed of communicating and improving the thoroughness when responding to newly identified cases. The country needs further sustainable interventions to target infections if it is to successfully achieve its elimination goal.

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“…24,25,[29][30][31][32][33][34] In addition, there are possibilities of variation in human users and human errors. 35 In Nigeria, "the influence of the epidemiological situation (i.e., the proportion of P. falciparum and other Plasmodium species) in febrile children less than 5 years on the diagnostic accuracy of rapid test result is not known." 20,25 Previous evaluations of diagnostic accuracy of RDT for parasitological diagnosis of malaria carried out in clinical settings in areas of varying endemicity in Nigeria have shown variable results.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of PCR as a second gold standard could have helped to re-classify discordant cases (positive RDT result/negative microscopy) accurately with possible influence on measures of diagnostic performance of the RDT. 35,41 CONCLUSIONS This RDT demonstrated a good diagnostic performance in a clinical setting in a mesoendemic area in northern Nigeria. The results provided additional information on the local conditions of malaria transmission as suggested by the WHO for procurement decisions on RDT.…”

Section: Performance Of An Hrp-2 Rapid Diagnostic Test In Nigerian Chmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance of an HRP-2 Rapid Diagnostic Test in Nigerian Children Less Than 5 Years of Age

Ajumobi

Sabitu

Nguku

et al. 2015

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. The diagnostic performance of histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP-2)-based malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) was evaluated in a mesoendemic area for malaria, Kaduna, Nigeria. We compared RDT results with expert microscopy results of blood samples from 295 febrile children under 5 years. Overall, 11.9% (35/295) tested positive with RDT compared with 10.5% (31/295) by microscopy: sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were 100%, 98.5%, 88.6%, and 100%, respectively. The RDT sensitivity was not affected by transmission season, parasite density, and age. Specificity and positive PV decreased slightly during the high-transmission season (97.5% and 83.3%). The RDT test positivity rates in the low-and high-transmission seasons were 9.4% and 13.5%, respectively. Overall, the test performance of this RDT was satisfactory. The findings of a low proportion of RDT false positives, no invalid and no false-negative results should validate the performance of RDTs in this context.

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Paracheck® rapid diagnostic test for detecting malaria infection in under five children: a population-based survey in Burkina Faso

Cited by 12 publications

References 31 publications

The correlation between malaria RDT (Paracheck pf.®) faint test bands and microscopy in the diagnosis of malaria in Malawi

The correlation between malaria RDT (Paracheck pf.®) faint test bands and microscopy in the diagnosis of malaria in Malawi

Malaria elimination in Botswana, 2012–2014: achievements and challenges

Performance of an HRP-2 Rapid Diagnostic Test in Nigerian Children Less Than 5 Years of Age

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