Paradigms, Pathologies, and Practicalities- Policing Organized Crime in England and Wales

The geometry of shadows: a critical review of organised crime risk assessments

“…The consequences of what might be seen as this 'bifurcation' in policing, have been the creation of a well-documented gap in certain capacities and services that are required to target problems on a cross-border, but sub-national level (HMIC 2005, Harfield 2008b). This problem is referred to as the 'Level 2 gap' Á Level 1 in the UK's National Intelligence Model being local criminality that can best be addressed at a divisional level, and Level 3 serious crime and terrorism operating at a national or international level (ACPO 2005).…”

Key Vulnerabilities and Limitations in the Management of Hazardous Waste and Its Disposal: A Checklist Assessment Tool

“…Our idea was to develop a tool to assess overall environmental regulatory performance specifically in relation to the management of hazardous waste and its disposal, although the list may be useful for other assessment purposes pertaining to environmental protection as well. The development process began with exploring definitions of organized crime, the nature of organized criminal groups, key motivations for organized criminals to infiltrate companies, the characteristics of organizations that are vulnerable to infiltration [6,8,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], the modus operandi of crime and criminals in other domains such as the black market in tiger products in China [13]; issues surrounding the global movement of electronic waste [22] and issues related to corruption [7,23].…”

Information management for investigation and prevention of white-collar crime

“…In the UK, the interception of communications (telephone calls, emails, letters, etc. ), whilst generating intelligence to identify more conventional evidential opportunities, is excluded from trial evidence by law, to the evident incredulity of foreign law enforcement colleagues (Harfield, 2008). 9.…”