“…Para-diplomacy, especially, in cities in Latin America is getting growing attention among scholars (Bustamante & Cañas, 2017;de Macedo et al, 2023;Fantoni & Avellaneda, 2022;Mendes & Figueira, 2017). Those studies vary in issues, such as climate (de Macedo et al, 2023), peace (Bustamante & Cañas, 2017), and international competitiveness (Mendes & Figueira, 2017).…”