Paradoxical interventions: A meta-analysis.

Shoham-Salomon, Varda; Rosenthal, Robert

doi:10.1037/0022-006x.55.1.22

Cited by 94 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Less effort in this regard may have the paradoxical effect of providing for improved sleep continuity. [29][30][31][32] Physiologic changes produced by placebos. Both acute and chronic changes may occur with the regular use of placebos.…”

Section: What Is a Placebo?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Placebo effects in primary insomnia

Perlis

McCall

Jungquist

et al. 2005

Sleep Medicine Reviews

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Section: What Is a Placebo?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Placebo effects in primary insomnia

Perlis

McCall

Jungquist

et al. 2005

Sleep Medicine Reviews

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“…Rather, the clinician who desires to help self-handicappers to forge a new and positive basis for relating to others must encourage them to negotiate a new reality by introducing positively connoted embellishments upon their existing world views rather than by attempting to supplant them with radically new views that may simply serve to increase the client's burden-and resistance (Coyne, 1987;Shoham-Salomon & Rosenthal, 1987;Tennen & Affieck, in press).…”

Section: Cognitive Reorientation Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Maintenance and Treatment of Self-Handicapping

Higgins

Berglas

1990

Self-Handicapping

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We look upon symptoms as creations, as works of art. Thus when we try to prove something from any particular symptom we can do so only if we look upon the symptom as a single part of a complete whole, that is, we must find in every symptom something that lies deeper than the outward and visible signs, something that underlies the actual manifestation and the form of the complaint itself. We must look behind the headache, the anxiety symptom, the obsession idea, behind the fact of an individual being a thief or a loafer in school. For behind lies something more, something personal and entirely individual. ... But there is one assumption we can make in all cases: a symptom is connected with the individual's struggle to reach a chosen goal.

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“…They found, for example, that behavioral therapies yielded d = .98, verbal therapies yielded d= .85, and developmental therapies yielded d = .42. Such breakdowns are reported in all 19 psychotherapy recta-analyses we located in recent years in Psychological Bulletin (Berman, Miller, & Massman, 1985;Berman & Norton, 1985;Bowers & Clum, 1988;Casey & Berman, 1985;Dush, Hirt, & Schroeder, 1989;Hazelrigg, Cooper, & Borduin, 1987;Matt, 1989;Miller & Berman, 1983;Robinson, Berman, & Neimeyer, 1990;Shapiro & Shapiro, 1982) and Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (Benton & Schroeder, 1990;Christensen, HadziPavlovic, Andrews, & Mattick, 1987;Dew, Bromet, Brent, & Greenhouse, 1987;Dobson, 1989;Hahlweg & Markman, 1988;Nietzel, Russell, Hemmings, & Gretter, 1987;Shoham-Salomon & Rosenthal, 1987;Steinbrueck, Maxwell, & Howard, 1983;Weisz, Weiss, Alicke, & Klotz, 1987).…”

Section: Traditional Analyses In Meta-analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediators and moderators in meta-analysis: There's a reason we don't let dodo birds tell us which psychotherapies should have prizes.

Shadish¹,

Sweeney²

1991

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

224

164

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In primary studies, psychotherapy researchers frequently search for mediator and moderator variables that can help them understand the relationship between treatment and outcome. Yet a review of past psychotherapy meta-analyses revealed that none examined the possible role of mediator variables; and although all of them searched for moderators of study outcome, that search was generally not as complete as it could have been. This article illustrates methods for studying such mediator and moderator variables in meta-analysis, discusses their advantages and disadvantages, and shows how the inclusion of these variables can change interpretation of meta-analytic results. In particular, the perennial interpretation of past psychotherapy meta-analyses that therapeutic orientation makes no difference to outcome--or as the dodo bird put it: "Everyone has won and all must have prizes'--may be wrong. Orientation may make significant difference, but only by virtue of its moderating and mediating effects.To the best of our knowledge, all meta-analyses ever done have concluded that (on the average) clients receiving psychotherapy do better than clients not receiving psychotherapy. In fact, the computation of average therapy effects over studies is the defining strength of meta-analysis. But this strength leads to a criticism of meta-analysis: Knowledge of average effects says nothing about when, where, why, and how therapy works. The latter questions concern mediators and moderators of therapy outcome. The present article describes methods for addressing such questions in meta-analysis.Moderators and mediators are third variables that help researchers to understand the relationship between independent and dependent variables (Baron & Kenny, 1986). "A moderator is a qualitative (e.g., sex, race, class) or quantitative (e.g., level of reward) variable that affects the direction and/or strength of the relations between an independent or predictor variable and a dependent or criterion variable" (Baron & Kenny, 1986, p. 1174. Moderators cause statistical interactions. Some moderator variables are categorical. Suppose, for example, that behavioral therapies yielded high effect sizes on behavioral presenting problems but low effect sizes on nonbehavioral presenting problems, with the opposite pattern emerging for nonbehav-

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Paradoxical interventions: A meta-analysis.

Cited by 94 publications

References 29 publications

Placebo effects in primary insomnia

Placebo effects in primary insomnia

The Maintenance and Treatment of Self-Handicapping

Mediators and moderators in meta-analysis: There's a reason we don't let dodo birds tell us which psychotherapies should have prizes.

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