Parafoveal processing of prefixed words during eye fixations in reading: Evidence against morphological influences on parafoveal preprocessing

Kambe, Gretchen

doi:10.3758/bf03194879

Cited by 49 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…It might be possible to save these models by positing that the preliminary prefixstripping stage is influenced by word frequency, but then that would seem to be a very different model. Furthermore, Kambe (2004) found no morphological preview benefit for English words, a finding that does not support early prefix stripping. Taft's (2004) more recent three-level model has the same problems accounting for the data as the two-step models.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

The effects of root frequency, word frequency, and length on the processing of prefixed English words during reading

Niswander-Klement

Pollatsek

2006

Memory & Cognition

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Although most of the research on word identification has been on monomorphemic words, there has been an increasing number of studies in which the processing of multimorphemic words has been explored since the pioneering work of Taft (1979) and Forster (1975, 1976). The major issue in this research has been the role that component morphemes play in the identification of multimorphemic words. There are a variety of models that have been proposed for the access and storage of complex words in the mental lexicon. Most fit into three basic categories: (1) direct access, (2) decomposition, and (3) dual-route (or dual-access) models involving both full-form storage and some form of decomposition within a dual-process system. (Models with a parallel distributed processing architecture, such as that in Seidenberg & McClelland, 1989, are somewhat harder to characterize but probably are most similar to the dual-route models, in that they typically posit that morpheme-like entities are involved in parallel with letter entities in word recognition.) In the direct access model (e.g., Butterworth, 1983;Giraudo & Grainger, 2000), a complex word has an individual full-form representation stored in the lexicon, and it is this full-form representation that is involved in initial access (i.e., a complex word is accessed no differently than a simple, monomorphemic word). These models posit that morphological components are activated only after initial access but can influence postlexical processing.Decompositional models, in contrast, posit that a morphemically complex word is encoded by a process in which the whole word is necessarily decomposed into its parts. The purpose of the decomposition is the extraction of the word's morphemes, and these models often include multiple levels (e.g., word and morpheme) within the lexicon. There are two basic types of decompositional models. One type, which might be termed a fully decompositional model, is one in which each morphemic component is accessed and then the full-form representation is constructed from them. Clearly, such a mechanism is almost necessary to understand a novel complex word, such as mouseball; however, it seems unlikely as an explanation for understanding the meaning of any complex words in the lexicon, with the possible exception of words that are completely orthographically and semantically transparent, such as uncover. There are few, if any, compound words that are completely transparent. For example, cowboy, which is often given as an example of a transparent word in English, could be a synonym for calf. That is, it is only transparent in the sense that the meaning of cowboy is related to cows and to males. One possible way to maintain a fully decompositional model is to posit that the meaning is not necessarily constructed from the parts. Such a model is Taft's (2004) model. The model has three levels of nodes. The first contains the form code, the word's orthography and phonology. The second is the lemma level, and a distinction is made at this level between the a...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

The effects of root frequency, word frequency, and length on the processing of prefixed English words during reading

Niswander-Klement

Pollatsek

2006

Memory & Cognition

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“…Even though morphology seems to be important for foveal processing, there is mixed evidence for a parafoveal preview benefit of morphological information in reading in alphabetic languages. While there is no evidence for parafoveal morphological processing in English Kambe, 2004;Lima, 1987) or Finnish (Bertram & Hyönä, 2007), there is evidence that morphological information is processed parafoveally in Hebrew (Deutsch, Frost, Pelleg, Pollatsek, & Rayner, 2003;Deutsch, Frost, Pollatsek, & Rayner, 2000;2005). In English, Kambe (2004) found that a nonword preview that shared a prefix (rehsxc) or stem (zvduce) with the target (reduce) provided no facilitation above and beyond a standard orthographic preview benefit, indicating that readers of English do not obtain morphological information in the parafovea (see also Lima, 1987).…”

Section: Morphological Processingmentioning

confidence: 96%

Parafoveal processing in reading

Schotter

Angele

Rayner

2011

Atten Percept Psychophys

480

459

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The present review summarizes research investigating how words are identified parafoveally (and foveally) in reading. Parafoveal and foveal processing are compared when no other concurrent task is required (e.g., in singleword recognition tasks) and when both are required simultaneously (e.g., during reading). We first review methodologies used to study parafoveal processing (e.g., corpus analyses and experimental manipulations, including gaze-contingent display change experiments such as the boundary, moving window, moving mask, and fast priming paradigms). We then turn to a discussion of the levels of representation at which words are processed (e.g., orthographic, phonological, morphological, lexical, syntactic, and semantic). Next, we review relevant research regarding parafoveal processing, summarizing the extent to which words are processed at each of those levels of representation. We then review some of the most controversial aspects of parafoveal processing, as they relate to reading: (1) word skipping, (2) parafoveal-on-foveal effects, and (3) n + 1 and n + 2 preview benefit effects. Finally, we summarize two of the most advanced models of eye movements during reading and how they address foveal and parafoveal processing.

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“…The role of textual information available in the parafoveal region has been studied extensively, (e.g. Blanchard et al, 1989;Inhoff and Rayner, 1986;Kambe, 2004;Liu et al, 2002;Morris et al, 1990;Pollatsek et al, 1986;Rayner et al, 2003;White and Liversedge, 2005). There is evidence for recognition and use of word length (Juhasz et al, 2008), orthographic features, and some semantics such as the predictability of the word in context (Drieghe et al, 2007) and morphological features (Drieghe et al, 2010).…”

Section: The Ez Reader Reading Modelmentioning

confidence: 98%

Task and user effects on reading patterns in information search

Cole

Gwizdka

Liu

et al. 2011

Interacting with Computers

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a b s t r a c tWe report on an investigation into people's behaviors on information search tasks, specifically the relation between eye movement patterns and task characteristics. We conducted two independent user studies (n = 32 and n = 40), one with journalism tasks and the other with genomics tasks. The tasks were constructed to represent information needs of these two different users groups and to vary in several dimensions according to a task classification scheme. For each participant we classified eye gaze data to construct models of their reading patterns. The reading models were analyzed with respect to the effect of task types and Web page types on reading eye movement patterns. We report on relationships between tasks and individual reading behaviors at the task and page level. Specifically we show that transitions between scanning and reading behavior in eye movement patterns and the amount of text processed may be an implicit indicator of the current task type facets. This may be useful in building user and task models that can be useful in personalization of information systems and so address design demands driven by increasingly complex user actions with information systems. One of the contributions of this research is a new methodology to model information search behavior and investigate information acquisition and cognitive processing in interactive information tasks.

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Parafoveal processing of prefixed words during eye fixations in reading: Evidence against morphological influences on parafoveal preprocessing

Cited by 49 publications

References 60 publications

The effects of root frequency, word frequency, and length on the processing of prefixed English words during reading

The effects of root frequency, word frequency, and length on the processing of prefixed English words during reading

Parafoveal processing in reading

Task and user effects on reading patterns in information search

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