"Paraíba"-Type Copper-Bearing Tourmaline from Brazil, Nigeria, and Mozambique: Chemical Fingerprinting by LA-ICP-MS

Abduriyim, Ahmadjan; Kitawaki, Hiroshi; Furuya, Masashi; Schwarz, Dietmar

doi:10.5741/gems.42.1.4

Cited by 32 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Any single pair of certain elements is insufficient to determine the geographic origin, but the combination of these elemental discriminators provides a robust tool for origin determination. In general, the results presented here are comparable to those in previous studies (e.g., Abduriyim et al, 2006;Peretti et al, 2009;Okrusch et al, 2016). Using GIA's reference data, four selected case studies for origin determination are shown in box A.…”

supporting

confidence: 89%

“…Quantitative chemical analyses of minor and trace elements have been collected and presented herein for Brazilian, Nigerian, and Mozambican material as used for locality determination (e.g., Shigley et al, 2001;Breeding et al, 2007;Laurs et al, 2008). Com- parative studies of chemical data have also been carried out and discussed for the purpose of origin determination by several authors (Abduriyim et al, 2006;Peretti et al, 2009;Okrusch et al, 2016). For GIA's lab service of Paraíba tourmaline origin determination, we have established an analytical and calculation protocol that utilizes major, minor, and trace element data obtained by LA-ICP-MS on reference samples from known localities.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Geographic Origin Determination of Paraiba Tourmaline

Katsurada¹,

Sun²,

Breeding³

et al. 2019

G&G

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Vivid blue to green copper-bearing tourmalines, known as Paraíba tourmalines, are recovered from deposits in Brazil, Nigeria, and Mozambique. These tourmalines are sought after for their intense colors. Prices are based, in part, on the geographic origin of a stone, and determining provenance is thus an important aspect for Paraíba tourmaline. However, their geographic origin cannot be established by standard gemological testing and/or qualitative chemical analyses. GIA has established sophisticated criteria requiring quantitative chemical analyses to determine geographic origin for these tourmalines. These criteria were based on several hundred samples from known sources spanning the three countries. Highly accurate and precise quantitative elemental concentrations for Cu, Zn, Ga, Sr, Sn, and Pb are acquired with laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). These data can then be plotted as a function of elemental concentration for accurate geographic origin determination. In Brief • Geographic origin can have a significant impact on the value of Paraíba tourmaline. • Quantitative chemical analysis with LA-ICP-MS provides a robust tool for origin determination. • The trace elements Cu, Zn, Ga, Sr, Sn, and Pb are the most useful discriminators for Paraíba tourmaline origin. • In limited cases where there are no matching reference data, an "inconclusive" origin determination would be required.

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supporting

confidence: 89%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographic Origin Determination of Paraiba Tourmaline

Katsurada¹,

Sun²,

Breeding³

et al. 2019

G&G

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“…The striking neon-blue "Paraíba tourmaline" invariably is characterized by high Cu contents, with up to 2.32 wt.% CuO (Abduriyim et al 2006, Fritsch et al 1990, Henn & Bank 1990, Shigley et al 2001. In elbaite of other colors, copper is usually below the detection limit or present only in trace amounts (<0.56 wt.% CuO).…”

Section: Major and Trace Elementmentioning

confidence: 97%

Compositional Variation of Tourmaline-Group Minerals in the Borborema Pegmatite Province, Northeastern Brazil

Soares¹,

Beurlen²,

Barreto³

et al. 2008

The Canadian Mineralogist

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Various species of the tourmaline-group are common accessory minerals in the Boqueirão, Capoeira and Quintos Li-Be-Ta-Nb-bearing, LCT-family, rare-element-class granitic pegmatites from the Borborema Pegmatite Province (BPP), northeastern Brazil. Tourmaline from the border and wall zones of the pegmatites is enriched in Mg and Fe, crystallizing as Mg-rich members of the dravite-schorl solid-solution series. Tourmaline from the intermediate zone is richer in Fe and Al+Li, crystallizing as schorl. The Fe-Mg-free and Li-Al-rich elbaite is typical of the transition between the intermediate zone and the quartz core, and of replacement pockets. The bright turquoise blue elbaite known as "Paraíba tourmaline" is produced in the Capoeira 2 and Quintos pegmatites and is distinguished by high Cu contents, up to 1.07 wt.% CuO. In other occurrences of the "Paraíba tourmaline" in the BPP, up to 2.37 wt.% CuO were reported. Differences in the geochemical evolution trend of tourmalines among the pegmatite bodies investigated (vacancy at the X site, Fe, Mg, Zn, Li and F contents), suggest that they reached variable degrees of fractionation. This observation agrees with chemical data on white mica, feldspar, garnet and gahnite, and therefore permits the use of tourmaline composition as an indicator of the degree of evolution of the hosting pegmatite. According to these data,"Paraíba tourmaline"-producing pegmatites share the following characteristics: 1) they are the most evolved pegmatites so far known in § Volume 46October 2008 Part 5 the cANADiAN miNeRALogist the BPP; 2) they are hosted by quartzites or metaconglomerates (iron-poor host rocks); 3) they exhibit comb-textured dravite in the border zone (early saturation in tourmaline) and 4) the elbaitic "Paraíba tourmaline" is found in the most evolved parts of the pegmatites.sommAiRe De diverses espèces de tourmaline sont présentes comme accessoires dans les pegmatites granitiques de Boqueirão, Capoeira et Quintos, enrichies en éléments rares (Li-Be-Ta-Nb) et de type LCT, situées dans la province pegmatitique de Borborema (BPP), nord-est du Brésil. Dans les zones de bordure et de paroi des pegmatites, la tourmaline est enrichie en Mg et Fe; les compositions sont des membres magnésiens de la solution solide entre dravite et schorl. Dans la zone intermédaire, la tourmaline est enrichie en Fe et Al + Li, et correspond à la composition de schorl. L'elbaïte dépourvue de Fe-Mg et enrichie en Li-Al est typique de transition entre la zone intermédiaire et le noyau de quartz, et des poches de remplacement. L'elbaïte bleu turquoise connue sous le nom de "tourmaline de Paraíba" se rencontre dans les pegmatites de Capoeira 2 et Quintos, et se distingue par des teneurs élevées en Cu, atteignant jusqu'à 1.07% de CuO (poids). Dans d'autres indices de ce genre d'elbaïte dans la ceinture BPP, on a signalé jusqu'à 2.37% de CuO. Des différences dans les tracés géochimiques évolutifs des tourmalines parmi les massifs de pegmatites étudiés, par exemple dans la proportion de lacunes au site X, et de...

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“…The chemistry of natural Cu-bearing tourmalines with significant amounts of Bi (up tõ 0.5-0.8 wt % Bi 2 O 3 ) was described by [25][26][27][28]. The highest amount of Bi (~1.5 wt % Bi 2 O 3 ) in Cu-bearing tourmaline was described by [29]. Tourmalines with up to~0.5 wt % Bi 2 O 3 , but without significant amounts of Cu were described by [30] from a granitic pegmatite in Zambia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Considerations About Bi and Pb in the Crystal Structure of Cu-Bearing Tourmaline

Ertl

Bačík

2020

Minerals

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Copper- and Mn-bearing elbaitic tourmaline (“Paraíba tourmaline”) sometimes contains significant amounts of Pb and Bi. Their position in the tourmaline crystal structure was studied with correlation analysis and bond valence calculations. Correlations between the F content and the X-site charge allow predicting the X-site occupancy. Three sets of tourmaline analyses were studied: (1) Pb-rich tourmalines from the Minh Tien pegmatite, Vietnam; (2) Cu-, Pb- and Bi-bearing tourmalines from the Mulungu mine, Brazil; (3) Cu- and Bi-bearing tourmalines from the Alto dos Quintos mine, Brazil. Two correlations were plotted: (1) the charge by considering only Na1+, Ca2+ and K1+; (2) the charge by adding Pb2+ and Bi3+ to the X-site charge. When plotting correlations for the Minh Tien tourmalines, the correlation significantly improves by adding Pb2+ to the X site. For the Alto dos Quintos tourmalines, only a slight increase of the correlation coefficient is observed, while such a correlation for tourmalines from Mulungu interestingly shows a slight decrease of the correlation coefficient. Bond valence calculations revealed that Bi3+ and Pb2+ can indeed occupy the X site via BiLi(NaAl)−1, PbLi(NaCu)−1 and possibly PbCu(NaAl)−1 substitutions as seen in the investigated tourmaline samples. At the Y site, Pb4+ can be substituted via PbLi(AlCu)−1, and PbVO(AlVOH)−1, while Bi5+ does not have any stable arrangement in Cu-bearing fluor-elbaite. The occurrence of Pb4+ at the Y site could be one explanation for the results of the correlations of the Mulungu tourmalines. Another explanation could be that during the tourmaline crystallization some additional Bi and Pb came into the pegmatitic system and hence disturbed the correlation between the average X-site charge and the F content. Further plots of such correlations in “Paraíba tourmaline” samples might also help to distinguish between the worldwide localities of these rare and sought-after tourmalines.

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"Paraíba"-Type Copper-Bearing Tourmaline from Brazil, Nigeria, and Mozambique: Chemical Fingerprinting by LA-ICP-MS

Cited by 32 publications

References 11 publications

Geographic Origin Determination of Paraiba Tourmaline

Geographic Origin Determination of Paraiba Tourmaline

Compositional Variation of Tourmaline-Group Minerals in the Borborema Pegmatite Province, Northeastern Brazil

Considerations About Bi and Pb in the Crystal Structure of Cu-Bearing Tourmaline

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