Paralinear Oxidation of Chromium in O2 + H2O Environment at 600–700 °C

Pujilaksono, Bagas; Jonsson, Torbjörn; Halvarsson, Mats; Panas, Itai; Svensson, Jan‐Erik; Johansson, Lars‐Gunnar

doi:10.1007/s11085-008-9114-1

Cited by 59 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Several recent investigations of iron oxidation in this temperature range shows that the magnetite layer actually consists of a lower inward-growing part and an outer outward growing part [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. A recent study of the oxidation behaviour of a binary Fe-2.25Cr steel at 6008C [30] showed a similar three-layered scale structure. In that case, the bottom inward growing layer was reported to consist of iron chromium spinel oxide while the chromium free upper part of the scale was made up of a middle magnetite layer and a hematite layer on top.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…The fact that chromium is only present in the inner layer is explained by the comparatively slow diffusion of Cr 3þ in spinel oxide [31]. It has also been shown that water vapour accelerates the corrosion of both iron and a binary Fe2.25Cr steel at 6008C [32]. The same effect was observed on iron at 5008C while water vapour had little effect at 4008C [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

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The influence of small amounts of KCl(s) on the high temperature corrosion of a Fe‐2.25Cr‐1Mo steel at 400 and 500°C

Folkeson

Jonsson

Halvarsson

et al. 2010

Materials & Corrosion

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This paper reports the oxidation behaviour of a low-alloyed steel in the presence of small amounts of KCl(s) at 400 and 5008C. Cleaned and polished sample coupons were exposed in a horizontal tube furnace with exposure times ranging from one hour to one week. The flue gas composition was 5% O 2 with 40% H 2 O in N 2 , and 0.1 mg KCl/cm 2 was deposited on the samples prior to exposure. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis were used to characterize the samples. Cross sections were prepared by means of focused ion beam (FIB) and broad ion beam (BIB). At 4008C there was a modest mass gain in the absence of KCl. In the presence of KCl, mass gain is significantly increased and a rapid attack is evident already after short exposure times. At 5008C, the mass gains in the absence of KCl were considerably higher than at 4008C, especially after 168 hours of exposure. KCl had an effect at shorter exposure times, but after one week the samples exposed with and without KCl had mass gains of comparable magnitude.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

The influence of small amounts of KCl(s) on the high temperature corrosion of a Fe‐2.25Cr‐1Mo steel at 400 and 500°C

Folkeson

Jonsson

Halvarsson

et al. 2010

Materials & Corrosion

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“…10), it may be noted that variations in the rate of oxide growth from metal grain to metal grain have been reported for pure metals such as Fe and Cr [44,45]. Several explanations have been suggested for these variations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Alumina Scale Formation on a Powder Metallurgical FeCrAl Alloy (Kanthal APMT) at 900–1,100 °C in Dry O2 and in O2 + H2O

et al. 2009

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A Rapidly Solidified Powder (RSP) metallurgical FeCrAl alloy, Kanthal APMT, was exposed in dry and humid O 2 for 72 h at 900-1,100°C. The formed oxide scales were characterized using gravimetry in combination with advanced analysis techniques (SEM, EDX, TEM, XRD, AES and SIMS). The oxide scales were at all exposures composed of two-layered a-Al 2 O 3 scales exhibiting a top layer of equiaxed grains and a bottom layer containing elongated grains. A Cr-rich zone, originating in the native oxide present before exposure, separated these two layers. The top a-Al 2 O 3 layer is suggested to have formed by transformation of outwardly grown metastable alumina, while the inward-grown bottom a-Al 2 O 3 layer had incorporated small Zr-, Hf-and Ti-rich oxide particles present in the alloy matrix. The scale also contained larger Y-rich oxide particles. Furthermore, in the temperature range studied, the presence of water vapour accelerated alloy oxidation somewhat and affected scale morphology.

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“…In the presence of water vapor chromium is volatilized by formation of CrO 2 (OH) 2 on the oxide surface [19,20,22] …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alkali Induced High Temperature Corrosion of Stainless Steel: The Influence of NaCl, KCl and CaCl2

et al. 2012

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The influence of KCl, NaCl and CaCl 2 on the oxidation of 304-type (Fe18Cr10Ni) stainless steel at 600°C in 5 %O 2 ? 40 %H 2 O was investigated. Prior to exposure, a small amount of the preferred salt (cation equivalent: 1.35 lmol/cm 2 ) was deposited on the samples. Exposure time was 1-168 h. The oxidized samples were analyzed by SEM/EDX, XRD, FIB and IC. The presence of KCl and NaCl strongly accelerates high temperature corrosion of 304L. Corrosion attack is initiated by the formation of alkali chromate through the reaction of alkali with the protective oxide. Chromate formation is a sink for chromium in the oxide and leads to a loss of its protective properties. Subsequently a rapidly growing scale forms, consisting of an outer hematite layer with chromate particles on top and an inner spinel oxide layer. In contrast to NaCl and KCl, CaCl 2 is not very corrosive. At temperature, CaCl 2 is rapidly converted to CaO. Small amounts of CaCrO 4 form where CaO is in direct contact with the scale. CaO also reacts with the scale to form Ca 2 Fe 2 O 5 .

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Paralinear Oxidation of Chromium in O2 + H2O Environment at 600–700 °C

Cited by 59 publications

References 16 publications

The influence of small amounts of KCl(s) on the high temperature corrosion of a Fe‐2.25Cr‐1Mo steel at 400 and 500°C

The influence of small amounts of KCl(s) on the high temperature corrosion of a Fe‐2.25Cr‐1Mo steel at 400 and 500°C

Alumina Scale Formation on a Powder Metallurgical FeCrAl Alloy (Kanthal APMT) at 900–1,100 °C in Dry O2 and in O2 + H2O

Alkali Induced High Temperature Corrosion of Stainless Steel: The Influence of NaCl, KCl and CaCl2

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