Abstract:Photoacoustic microscopy (PAM) is an emerging biomedical imaging technology capable of quantitative measurement of the microvascular blood flow by correlation analysis. However, the computational cost is high, limiting its applications. Here, we report a parallel computation design based on graphics processing unit (GPU) for high-speed quantification of blood flow in PAM. Two strategies were utilized to improve the computational efficiency. First, the correlation method in the algorithm was optimized to avoid … Show more
“…While our study shows a rapid decrease of fetal cranial blood vessel diameter and vessel perfusion, the relationship between these effects and reduction in blood flow velocity remains to be further investigated. Various studies have demonstrated the ability to assess the blood flow velocity using photoacoustic imaging . Our future studies will also investigate the relationship between blood flow velocity and the changes in vasculature and perfusion using photoacoustic imaging.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…Recently, it has been demonstrated that PAT offers a more accurate vessel representation on the macro-and micro scale in comparison to ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound imaging [43,44]. In addition, when coupled with a photon transport model, PAT is able to quantitatively assess physiological parameters, such as oxy-and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations, cerebral blood flow (CBF), oxygen saturation and metabolic rates [30,33,[35][36][37][45][46][47][48][49]. These quantitative functional parameters can provide additional important information for monitoring fetal vasculature development, hemodynamic alterations and cardiovascular functions caused by maternal EtOH exposure.…”
Prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) can lead to structural and functional abnormalities in fetal brain. Although neural developmental deficits due to PEE have been recognized, the immediate effects of PEE on fetal brain vasculature and hemodynamics remain poorly understood. One of the major obstacles that preclude the rapid advancement of studies on fetal vascular dynamics is the limitation of the imaging techniques. Thus, a technique for noninvasive in-vivo imaging of fetal vasculature and hemodynamics is desirable. In this study, we explored the dynamic changes of the vessel dimeter, density and oxygen saturation in fetal brain after acute maternal ethanol exposure in the second-trimester equivalent murine model using a real-time photoacoustic tomography system we developed for imaging embryo of small animals. The results indicate a significant decrease in fetal brain vessel diameter, perfusion and oxygen saturation. This work demonstrated that PAT can provide highresolution noninvasive imaging ability to monitor fetal vascular dynamics.
K E Y W O R D Sacute prenatal ethanol exposure, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, fetal brain vasculature, hemodynamics, real-time photoacoustic tomography
“…While our study shows a rapid decrease of fetal cranial blood vessel diameter and vessel perfusion, the relationship between these effects and reduction in blood flow velocity remains to be further investigated. Various studies have demonstrated the ability to assess the blood flow velocity using photoacoustic imaging . Our future studies will also investigate the relationship between blood flow velocity and the changes in vasculature and perfusion using photoacoustic imaging.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 97%
“…Recently, it has been demonstrated that PAT offers a more accurate vessel representation on the macro-and micro scale in comparison to ultrasound and Doppler ultrasound imaging [43,44]. In addition, when coupled with a photon transport model, PAT is able to quantitatively assess physiological parameters, such as oxy-and deoxy-hemoglobin concentrations, cerebral blood flow (CBF), oxygen saturation and metabolic rates [30,33,[35][36][37][45][46][47][48][49]. These quantitative functional parameters can provide additional important information for monitoring fetal vasculature development, hemodynamic alterations and cardiovascular functions caused by maternal EtOH exposure.…”
Prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) can lead to structural and functional abnormalities in fetal brain. Although neural developmental deficits due to PEE have been recognized, the immediate effects of PEE on fetal brain vasculature and hemodynamics remain poorly understood. One of the major obstacles that preclude the rapid advancement of studies on fetal vascular dynamics is the limitation of the imaging techniques. Thus, a technique for noninvasive in-vivo imaging of fetal vasculature and hemodynamics is desirable. In this study, we explored the dynamic changes of the vessel dimeter, density and oxygen saturation in fetal brain after acute maternal ethanol exposure in the second-trimester equivalent murine model using a real-time photoacoustic tomography system we developed for imaging embryo of small animals. The results indicate a significant decrease in fetal brain vessel diameter, perfusion and oxygen saturation. This work demonstrated that PAT can provide highresolution noninvasive imaging ability to monitor fetal vascular dynamics.
K E Y W O R D Sacute prenatal ethanol exposure, fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, fetal brain vasculature, hemodynamics, real-time photoacoustic tomography
“…Using the maximum value of the A-line to perform a projection along the Z direction yields the imaging result, which is called the maximum amplitude projection (MAP). The cross-sections in the X-Z plane are B-scans [ 11 ]. Fig.…”
Photoacoustic microscopy is an in vivo imaging technology based on the photoacoustic effect. It is widely used in various biomedical studies because it can provide high-resolution images while being label-free, safe, and harmless to biological tissue. Polygon-scanning is an effective scanning method in photoacoustic microscopy that can realize fast imaging of biological tissue with a large field of view. However, in polygon-scanning, fluctuations of the rotating motor speed and the geometric error of the rotating mirror cause image distortions, which seriously affect the photoacoustic-microscopy imaging quality. To improve the image quality of photoacoustic microscopy using polygon-scanning, an image correction method is proposed based on accurate ultrasound positioning. In this method, the photoacoustic and ultrasound imaging data of the sample are simultaneously obtained, and the angle information of each mirror used in the polygon-scanning is extracted from the ultrasonic data to correct the photoacoustic images. Experimental results show that the proposed method can significantly reduce image distortions in photoacoustic microscopy, with the image dislocation offset decreasing from 24.774 to 10.365 μm.
“…Kang et al demonstrated real-time parallel signal processing for PAM that achieved an imaging rate of 0.98 Hz for the volumetric data of 500 × 500 × 736 pixels with a PRR of 300 kHz [ 90 , 91 ]. Xu et al also introduced GPU-based parallel computing for PAM with a PRR of 100 kHz [ 92 ]. They both showed significantly improved (∼80 fold) imaging speed compared to the CPU-based processing.…”
Section: Requirements For Fast Photoacoustic Microscopymentioning
In recent years, many methods have been investigated to improve imaging speed in photoacoustic microscopy (PAM). These methods mainly focused upon three critical factors contributing to fast PAM: laser pulse repetition rate, scanning speed, and computing power of the microprocessors. A high laser repetition rate is fundamentally the most crucial factor to increase the PAM speed. In this paper, we review methods adopted for fast PAM systems in detail, specifically with respect to light sources. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first review article analyzing the fundamental requirements for developing high-speed PAM and their limitations from the perspective of light sources.
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