Parallel distributed processing and integration by oscillations

Ruhnau, Eva; Haase, Vítor Geraldi

doi:10.1017/s0140525x00031800

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 211 publications

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“…When pursuit eye movements initiate, the latency of such eye movements has a strong tendency to be within 30–40 milliseconds intervals ( Pöppel and Logothetis, 1986 ). Similar observations have been made on saccadic eye movements for human subjects ( Fuchs, 1967 ; Ruhnau and Haase, 1993 ; Tanaka and Sengco, 1997 ).…”

Section: Islands Of “Nowness” and The Discrete “ Self ...supporting

confidence: 83%

The Neurobiological Basis of the Conundrum of Self-continuity: A Hypothesis

Izadifar

2022

Front. Psychol.

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Life, whatsoever it is, is a temporal flux. Everything is doomed to change often apparently beyond our awareness. My body appears totally different now, so does my mind. I have gained new attitudes and new ambitions, and a substantial number of old ones have been discarded. But, I am still the same person in an ongoing manner. Besides, recent neuroscientific and psychological evidence has shown that our conscious perception happens as a series of discrete or bounded instants—it emerges in temporally scattered, gappy, and discrete forms. But, if it is so, how does the brain persevere our self-continuity (or continuity of identity) in this gappy setting? How is it possible that despite moment-to-moment changes in my appearance and mind, I am still feeling that I am that person? How can we tackle with this second by second gap and resurrection in our existence which leads to a foundation of wholeness and continuity of our self? How is continuity of self (collective set of our connected experiences in the vessel of time) that results in a feeling that one’s life has purpose and meaning preserved? To answer these questions, the problem has been comprehended from a philosophical, psychological, and neuroscientific perspective. I realize that first and foremost fact lies in the temporal nature of identity. Having equipped with these thoughts, in this article, it is hypothesized that according to two principles (the principle of reafference or corollary discharge and the principle of a time theory) self-continuity is maintained. It is supposed that there should be a precise temporal integration mechanism in the CNS with the outside world that provides us this smooth, ungappy flow of the Self. However, we are often taken for granted the importance of self-continuity, but it can be challenged by life transitions such as entering adulthood, retirement, senility, emigration, and societal changes such as immigration, globalization, and in much unfortunate and extreme cases of mental illnesses such as schizophrenia.

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Section: Islands Of “Nowness” and The Discrete “ Self ...supporting

confidence: 83%

The Neurobiological Basis of the Conundrum of Self-continuity: A Hypothesis

Izadifar

2022

Front. Psychol.

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“…This is in fair agreement with the present analysis because the transition between the express and the fastregular mode occurs between 130 and 140 ms. According to Ruhnau and Haase synchronized oscillations in the visual cortex produce multimodal distributions (Ruhnau and Haase 1993;Kirschfeld et al 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting multimodality in saccadic reaction time distributions in gap and overlap tasks

Gezeck

Timmer

1998

Biological Cybernetics

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In many cases the distribution of saccadic reaction times (SRT) deviates considerably from a unimodal distribution and may often exhibit several peaks. We present a statistical approach to determining the number and form of the individual peaks. The overall density of the reaction times fi(t), i = 1...M obtained in M different experiments with the same subject is described as the sum of K basis functions xk(t), k = 1...K with different weights and an error term. A change in the experimental conditions is assumed to cause a change in the weights, not in the basis functions. We minimize the square of the difference (measured data minus approximation), divided by the error of the data. Incrementing K step by step we determine the necessary number of basis functions. This method is applied to data of six subjects tested in different saccade tasks. We detect five different modes: two in the range 80-140 ms (express modes), two in the range 145-190 ms (fast-regular mode) and one at about 230 ms (slow-regular mode). These modes are located at about the same positions for different subjects. The method presented here not only proves statistically the existence of several modes in SRT distributions but also allows the distributions to be described by a few characteristic numbers that go beyond the mean values and standard deviations.

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“…Frequency distributions in motor tasks show several modes with intermodal distances of 30 ms in reaction-time tasks (Harter and White 1968) and in oculomotor movements (Poppel and Logothetis 1986;Ruhnau and Haase 1993). These intermodal distances have been interpreted as indications of a discrete technique of motor processing in steps of 30 ms and are thought to complement the findings of temporal-order threshold that, taken together, could point to a central timing mechanism (Poppel 1994(Poppel , 1997.…”

Section: Timing In Perception and Actionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Time Perception and Temporal Processing Levels of the Brain

Wittmann

1999

Chronobiology International

125

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A classification is presented to structure divergent empirical findings on temporal mechanisms of the brain. Proceeding from our time experiences of simultaneity, nonsimultaneity, temporal order, duration, and the subjective present, a classification of thresholds is established that marks distinct processes involved in time perception and the temporal control of movements. On the basis of this classification, evidence has been collected that suggests that perception and action share common timing mechanisms. Furthermore, brain structures involved in temporal aspects of behavior on different time scales have been identified--namely, the cerebellum, the basal ganglia, and circumscribed cortical regions. Another question under debate concerns the representational mode in which time is represented in the brain; models suggest neuronal oscillations or interval-based mechanisms.

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Parallel distributed processing and integration by oscillations

Cited by 9 publications

References 211 publications

The Neurobiological Basis of the Conundrum of Self-continuity: A Hypothesis

The Neurobiological Basis of the Conundrum of Self-continuity: A Hypothesis

Detecting multimodality in saccadic reaction time distributions in gap and overlap tasks

Time Perception and Temporal Processing Levels of the Brain

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