Parallel information processing channels created in the retina

Schiller, Peter H.

doi:10.1073/pnas.1011782107

Cited by 103 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…Furthermore, this ON/OFF dichotomy also was suggested to serve the purpose of doubling the contrast range of the visual system while maintaining the high sensitivities and low spontaneous firing rates of individual neurons (Schiller 1992;Westheimer 2007). A related but somewhat different idea was that the division of ON and OFF systems ensures that the overall range of contrasts encountered in natural scenes mapped roughly linearly to neural responses (Schiller 2010), regardless of the background luminance condition (Pandarinath et al 2010). In accord with this view, it was proposed that OFF neurons have gained a spatiotemporal dominance over ON neurons (Ahmad et al 2003;Kier et al 1995;Morigiwa et al 1989) to match the distribution of more negative than positive contrasts in the natural environment (Balasubramanian and Sterling 2009;Ratliff et al 2010;van Hateren et al 2002).…”

Section: Neural Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The functional asymmetry of ON and OFF channels in the perception of contrast

Jiang

Purushothaman

Casagrande

2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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-To fully understand the relationship between perception and single neural responses, one should take into consideration the early stages of sensory processing. Few studies, however, have directly examined the neural underpinning of visual perception in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), only one synapse away from the retina. In this study we recorded from LGN parvocellular (P) ON-center and OFF-center neurons while monkeys either passively viewed or actively detected a full range of contrasts. We found that OFF neurons were more sensitive in detecting negative contrasts than ON neurons were in detecting positive contrasts. Also, OFF neurons had higher spontaneous activities, higher peak response amplitudes, and were more sustained than ON neurons in their contrast responses. Puzzlingly, OFF neurons failed to show any significant correlations with the monkeys' perceptual choices, despite their greater contrast sensitivities. If, however, choice probabilities were calculated from interspike intervals instead of spike counts (thus taking into account the higher firing rates of OFF neurons), OFF neurons but not ON neurons were significantly correlated with behavioral choices. Taken together, these results demonstrate in awake, behaving animals that: 1) the ON and OFF pathways do not simply mirror each other in their functionality but instead carry qualitatively different types of information, and 2) the responses of ON and OFF neurons can be correlated with perceptual choices even in the absence of physical stimuli and interneuronal correlations. lateral geniculate nucleus; ON-center cell; OFF-center cell; contrast detection; choice probability EARLY PSYCHOPHYSICAL STUDIES indicated that separate channels underlie our perception of brightness (i.e., positive contrasts, or luminance increments) and darkness (i.e., negative contrasts, or luminance decrements), respectively

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Section: Neural Sensitivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The functional asymmetry of ON and OFF channels in the perception of contrast

Jiang

Purushothaman

Casagrande

2015

Journal of Neurophysiology

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“…While our data and those of Huxlin and Goodchild (1997) suggest there are inner (Ͼ40% IPL depth) and outer (Ͻ40% IPL depth) subtypes, this differs from the study of Sun et al (2002) where both subtypes fall within the inner IPL (40 -100% depth). The level of dendritic stratification in the IPL is highly predictive of the center sign of a RGC's receptive field (Schiller 2010). Ganglion cells whose dendrites stratify in the outer 40% (INL boundary to 40% depth in the IPL) are consistently OFF center, whereas cells whose dendrites ramify in the inner 60% (40% depth to ganglion cell layer boundary) are consistently ON center.…”

Section: Rgc Morphological Typesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrinsic physiological properties of rat retinal ganglion cells with a comparative analysis

Wong

Cloherty

Ibbotson

et al. 2012

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Wong RC, Cloherty SL, Ibbotson MR, O'Brien BJ. Intrinsic physiological properties of rat retinal ganglion cells with a comparative analysis. J Neurophysiol 108: -2023, 2012. First published July 11, 2012 doi:10.1152/jn.01091.2011.-Mammalian retina contains 15-20 different retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types, each of which is responsible for encoding different aspects of the visual scene. The encoding is defined by a combination of RGC synaptic inputs, the neurotransmitter systems used, and their intrinsic physiological properties. Each cell's intrinsic properties are defined by its morphology and membrane characteristics, including the complement and localization of the ion channels expressed. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that the intrinsic properties of individual RGC types are conserved among mammalian species. To do so, we measured the intrinsic properties of 16 morphologically defined rat RGC types and compared these data with cat RGC types. Our data demonstrate that in the rat different morphologically defined RGC types have distinct patterns of intrinsic properties. Variation in these properties across cell types was comparable to that found for cat RGC types. When presumed morphological homologs in rat and cat retina were compared directly, some RGC types had very similar properties. The rat A2 cell exhibited patterns of intrinsic properties nearly identical to the cat alpha cell. In contrast, rat D2 cells (ON-OFF directionally selective) had a very different pattern of intrinsic properties than the cat iota cell. Our data suggest that the intrinsic properties of RGCs with similar morphology and suspected visual function may be subject to variation due to the behavioral needs of the species. whole cell patch clamp; action potential; vision THE RETINA has an extraordinary task to perform. It must capture, process, and relay all relevant information about the visual scene within one fixation period (ϳ300 ms) before the eye moves on to another target and the process repeats itself. It manages this task through an array of parallel processing networks, each of which is tuned to extract and represent different features of the visual scene (e.g., form, motion, color) and send that information to the appropriate target nuclei via the axons of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). As a result, it is now commonly believed that 15-20 different arrays of RGCs exist in mammalian retina (for review, see Berson 2008; Masland 2001), each of which carries a unique set of visual information.The visual information carried by RGCs is determined in at least three ways. First, the dendrites of each RGC type sample from the many different types of bipolar (ϳ11 types) and amacrine (ϳ30 types) cells present in the mammalian retina Second, information is filtered independently by each RGC depending upon the neurotransmitter receptors present. Finally, the intrinsic physiological properties of each RGC type ultimately limit the information they can carry. Prior studies of RGC intrinsic properties have been largely limited to...

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“…This outcome could be accomplished in biological systems by the encoding of primary sensory input using "On" and "Off" cells to encode the presence or absence of an input. The use of "On" and "Off" cells has also been described in visual [20] and auditory sensory systems [21]. There are also an equal number of positive and negatively correlated afferents in tactile responses to curvature [22].…”

Section: Coding Of Inputs Into Square Arraysmentioning

confidence: 97%

Neural Architecture Based on Hadamard Designs

Herbert¹

2012

TONEURJ

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Abstract:We describe a simple Hadamard design for neural architecture with an equal number of input and output elements that is both error-tolerant and robust to missing information. The design provides a basis for calculation using a classification scheme based on the Chinese remainder theorem, producing an abstract representation of the physical world. The underlying co-prime arrays can be generated in a simple manner biologically and can evolve into more complex designs. The approach differs from previously described neural network constructions in that all connectivity is specified by design, with each correctly wired array producing a single output for each subset of inputs. The wiring is consistent with the "On-Off" schema observed for different senses because only about half the inputs can be active at any one time. The arrays can be tuned through by varying the number of simultaneous inputs required for activation within a range specified by the array size. The architecture is scalable.

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Parallel information processing channels created in the retina

Cited by 103 publications

References 86 publications

The functional asymmetry of ON and OFF channels in the perception of contrast

The functional asymmetry of ON and OFF channels in the perception of contrast

Intrinsic physiological properties of rat retinal ganglion cells with a comparative analysis

Neural Architecture Based on Hadamard Designs

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