“…The DSMC code, PDSC++, is a general-purpose parallel 2D/2D-axisymmetric/3D DSMC code using unstructured grid, which is developed by Wu's group. Some important features of the PDSC++ include hybrid unstructured mesh, variable time-step scheme (Wu, Tseng & Wu 2004), transient adaptive sub-cell method (Su et al 2010), unsteady simulation (Cave et al 2008), domain redecomposition, automatic steady state detection scheme, parallel computing technique and chemical reaction based on total collision energy model (Lo et al 2015). It also has been applied to the rare gas flows of cometary comas (Finklenburg et al 2014;Lai et al 2016;Marschall et al 2016).…”