“…As the correct biological mechanism is often not known or very complex, the development of phenomenological models and the exploration of their parameter space require flexible and efficient simulation frameworks. However, previous simulation frameworks for morphogenesis (Hoehme and Drasdo, 2010;Richmond et al, 2010;Tapia and D'Souza, 2011;Gorochowski et al, 2012;Rudge et al, 2012;Swat et al, 2012;Mirams et al, 2013;S€ utterlin et al, 2013;Gord et al, 2014;Kang et al, 2014;Starruß et al, 2014;Yu and Yang, 2014;Cytowski and Szymanska, 2015;Barton et al, 2017;Somogyi and Glazier, 2017;Sussman, 2017;Ballet, 2018;Ghaffarizadeh et al, 2018;Song et al, 2018) often emphasized either epithelial or mesenchymal processes, e.g., vertex models describe the shapes of epithelial cells within sheets or cellular Potts models describe differential adhesion (Osborne et al, 2017). Recently, solutions to overcome this limitation were put forward: an extension of the spheroid model by torsion joints (Disset et al, 2015), a 3D implementation of the vertex model (Okuda et al, 2015), a sub-cellular element model using apical and basal elements for epithelial cells (Gord et al, 2014), a sub-cellular element model using cylindrical elements for epithelial cells (Marin-Riera et al, 2016), and most recently a spheroid model with apical-basal polarity (Delile et al, 2017).…”