Paralytic Agents

Hildebrand, Susan

doi:10.1016/b978-012417570-9/50007-6

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 92 publications

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“…). However, the use of succinylcholine can be accompanied by undesirable side effects, such as: muscular pain, hyperglycemia, cardiac arrhythmias, prolonged apnea, masseter muscle spasms, malignant hyperthermia, cardiac arrest, and increases in intraocular and intracranial pressures (Hildebrand ; Martinez & Keegan ). Prolonged blockade may occur with decreased plasma cholinesterase concentration hepatic disease, pregnancy, or exposure to anticholinesterase agents such as organophosphates (Hildebrand ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of neuromuscular blockade with rocuronium bromide for intubation in cats

Moreno‐Sala

Ortiz‐Martínez

Flores

et al. 2013

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of neuromuscular blockade with rocuronium bromide for intubation in cats

Moreno‐Sala

Ortiz‐Martínez

Flores

et al. 2013

Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia

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“…A steady resting level of these variables, in conjunction with a Ͻ20% change in response to sensory stimuli, indicated an adequate depth of anesthesia. This is the standard of care recommended by Hildebrand in Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals (24).…”

Section: Anesthesiamentioning

confidence: 99%

PACAP causes PAC₁/VPAC₂ receptor mediated hypertension and sympathoexcitation in normal and hypertensive rats

Farnham

Lung

Tallapragada

et al. 2012

American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology

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Farnham MM, Lung MS, Tallapragada VJ, Pilowsky PM. PACAP causes PAC 1/VPAC2 receptor mediated hypertension and sympathoexcitation in normal and hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 303: H910 -H917, 2012. First published August 10, 2012; doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00464.2012.-Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an excitatory neuropeptide that plays an important role in hypertension and stress responses. PACAP acts at three G protein-coupled receptors [PACAP type 1 receptor (PAC 1 ) and vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor types 1 and 2 (VPAC 1 and VPAC2)] and is localized to sites involved in cardiovascular control, most significantly the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM). The RVLM is crucial for the tonic and reflex control of efferent sympathetic activity. Increases in sympathetic activity are observed in most types of hypertension and heart failure. PACAP delivered intrathecally also causes massive sympathoexcitation. We aimed to determine the presence and abundance of the three PACAP receptors in the RVLM, the role, in vivo, of PACAP in the RVLM on tonic and reflex cardiovascular control, and the contribution of PACAP to hypertension in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Data were obtained using quantitative PCR and microinjection of PACAP and its antagonist, PACAP(6 -38), into the RVLM of anesthetized artificially ventilated normotensive rats or SHRs. All three receptors were present in the RVLM. PACAP microinjection into the RVLM caused sustained sympathoexcitation and tachycardia with a transient hypertension but did not affect homeostatic reflexes. The responses were partially mediated through PAC1/VPAC2 receptors since the effect of PACAP was attenuated (ϳ50%) by PACAP(6 -38). PACAP was not tonically active in the RVLM in this preparation because PACAP(6 -38) on its own had no inhibitory effect. PACAP has long-lasting cardiovascular effects, but altered PACAP signaling within the RVLM is not a cause of hypertension in the SHR. blood pressure; rostral ventrolateral medulla; sympathetic; neuropeptides; pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide; vasoactive intestinal peptide receptor PITUITARY ADENYLATE CYCLASE-ACTIVATING POLYPEPTIDE (PACAP) exists in discrete regions of the brain stem and spinal cord involved in cardiovascular control, one of which is the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) (7,12,17,22,35,59). The RVLM is crucial for cardiovascular control (20,40,48,49) as it contains the neurons that determine resting mean arterial pressure (MAP) and responds to the activation of adaptive reflexes (11,21,37,38,51). Changes in autonomic function resulting from activation of the baroreceptor, somatosympathetic, and chemoreceptor reflexes are all principally mediated by increasing or decreasing the activity of RVLM neurons, which, in turn, project to and excite sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the thoracolumbar spinal cord (28,36,39,43,44,49,62).Peripheral administration of PACAP-38 (PACAP) dilates blood vessels, causing hypotension (42, 53). Centra...

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“…Therefore, several different hypotheses were taken into consideration in the selection of suitable pharmacological modulators for our experiments. The dosages of the different modulators were selected according to previously published data [e.g., pancuronium (18)(19)(20), dantrolene (21)] or pharmacokinetic calculation [e.g., indomethacin (22,23)]. The dosage of SR-140333 was determined in a separate pilot study (data not shown) and corresponds to the dose required to antagonize substance-Pinduced hypotension.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%