Paralytic Shellfish Poison. VI. A Procedure for the Isolation and Purification of the Poison from Toxic Clam and Mussel Tissues

Schantz, Edward J.; Mold, James D.; Stanger, D. Warren; Shavel, John; Riel, Frank J.; Bowden, John P.; Lynch, Joseph M.; Wyler, Ruth Savage; Riegel, Byron; Sommer, Hermann

doi:10.1021/ja01576a044

Cited by 217 publications

(101 citation statements)

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“…of this saxitoxin-like material was finally obtained in 1-8 mg total solids. This toxicity, of about 1,550 M.U./mg, compares satisfactorily with the values obtained by Schantz et al (1957) for saxitoxin at this stage of purification. Because of the small amount of minor toxin now remaining it was decided not to proceed further to chromatography on alumina with which Schantz et al (1957) raised the purity of their saxitoxin to 5,500 M.U./mg.…”

Section: Purification Of Toxins From Mytilus Edulissupporting

confidence: 87%

“…The minor toxin could be concentrated by using standard saxitoxin purification procedures, and was worked up to a potency of 1550 M.U./mg without difficulty. Using the same procedures Schantz et al (1957) purified saxitoxin to 2500 M.U./mg, and by further chromatography on alumina they eventually raised the purity of saxitoxin to 5500 M.U./mg. These stages of chromatography were not attempted in the present work because of the small quantity of material remaining after partial purification.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…About half the extract was adjusted to pH 5 4 with NaOH and passed onto a 4 x 88 cm column of sodium Amberlite CG-50, prepared as described by Schantz et al (1957). The column was rinsed with distilled water and then eluted with acetate buffer pH 4 0.…”

Section: Purification Of Toxins From Mytilus Edulismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The column was rinsed with distilled water and then eluted with acetate buffer pH 4 0. Schantz et al (1957) used this procedure to remove inactive material from the column, leaving saxitoxin bound to resin. In the present experiments a lot of toxic material was eluted from the column by the buffer, the pH of the eluate being 54-4A5.…”

Section: Purification Of Toxins From Mytilus Edulismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Two toxins from a poisonous sample of mussels Mytilus edulis

Evans

1970

British J Pharmacology

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Summary1. A crude preparation of toxin was extracted from a sample of mussels Mytilus edulis, part of a batch responsible for many cases of paralytic shellfish poisoning. 2. The crude extract was partially purified by absorption on sodium Amberlite ion-exchange resin. Two toxins were recovered by elution from the Amberlite, and purified further by gel filtration. 3. One toxin closely resembled saxitoxin in its behaviour on Amberlite and in its biological effects. 4. The other toxin behaved quite differently on the Amberlite. Its molecule was small, comparable in size with saxitoxin. It was not tetrodotoxin. Its biological effects were similar, but not identical, to those of saxitoxin: it paralysed muscular contraction and inhibited conduction along nerves ; it caused death of experimental animals by producing a peripheral paralysis of respiration; it did not depolarize the membrane of frog skeletal muscle fibres, but acted by preventing a stimulus from initiating a conducted action potential. 5. The biological effects of the second toxin suggest that, like saxitoxin and tetrodotoxin, it is an inhibitor of inward sodium ion movement through electrically excitable membranes.

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Section: Purification Of Toxins From Mytilus Edulissupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Purification Of Toxins From Mytilus Edulismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Purification Of Toxins From Mytilus Edulismentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Two toxins from a poisonous sample of mussels Mytilus edulis

Evans

1970

British J Pharmacology

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“….7476 (3) .0771(8 .437 (1) .600 (1) .7020 (9) .654 (1) .458 1 .360 (1) .6974 (9) .558(1 (1) .6383 (4) .8065 (9) .500(1) .627 (2) .1395 (3) .115(2) (9) 1.774 (9) l.nA'l ) li43é(ê) 1.440(7) 1.424(7 Table 3. Bond angles in degrees of the p-bromobenzenesulfonate of saxitoxin (4) An interesting point which is still not fully explained by structure 4 is the observed pKa values of 8.3 and 11.5 in water (4) and the shift of the lower one to 9.05 in a solu tion of 50^ ethanol and water (14).…”

Section: (8 8 8')mentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural studies of naturally occurring toxicogenic compounds

Springer¹

1977

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Saxitoxin Analysis

Halme¹,

Vanninen²

2013

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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This article gives a review of the chemistry, mechanism of action, and analysis methods for screening and identification of saxitoxin (STX) in light of verification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). STX is a potent, naturally occurring neurotoxin, and listed in the CWC. Isolation and sample preparation from mussels and algal samples are briefly described. Analysis methods for the determination of STX have been developed mainly for environmental monitoring, seafood regulation, or medical diagnostic purposes. Different biological, biochemical, and chemical techniques have been used widely all around the world for analysis of STX and its analogs. Over the last decade, liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) has become an important method in the field of the analysis of chemical warfare agents and it is also appropriate for unambiguous identification of STX and its analogs. For verification of the CWC, identification criteria for STX accepted by the Organisation for Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (the OPCW) are also discussed briefly.

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Paralytic Shellfish Poison. VI. A Procedure for the Isolation and Purification of the Poison from Toxic Clam and Mussel Tissues

Cited by 217 publications

References 0 publications

Two toxins from a poisonous sample of mussels Mytilus edulis

Two toxins from a poisonous sample of mussels Mytilus edulis

Structural studies of naturally occurring toxicogenic compounds

Saxitoxin Analysis

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