Parameter selection in data-driven fault detection and diagnosis of the air conditioning system

Abstract

Data-driven fault detection and diagnosis system (FDD) has been proven as simple yet powerful to identify soft and abrupt faults in the air conditioning system, leading to energy saving. However, the challenge is to obtain reliable operation data from the actual building. Therefore, a lab-scaled centralized chilled water air conditioning system was successfully developed in this paper. All necessary sensors were installed to generate reliable operation data for the data-driven FDD. Nevertheless, if a practical system is considered, the number of sensors required would be extensive as it depends on the number of rooms in the building. Hence, parameters impact in the dataset were also investigated to identify critical parameters for fault classifications. The analysis results had identified four critical parameters for data-driven FDD: the rooms' temperature (TTCx), supplied chilled water temperature (TCHWS), supplied chilled water flow rate (VCHWS) and supplied cooled water temperature (TCWS). Results showed that the data-driven FDD successfully diagnosed all six conditions correctly with the proposed parameters for more than 92.3% accuracy; only 0.6-3.4% differed from the original dataset's accuracy. Therefore, the proposed parameters can reduce the number of sensors used for practical buildings, thus reducing installation costs without compromising the FDD accuracy.

Refinement of Voting System through Visual Cryptography and Multi-factor Authentication to Further Mitigate Clone Phishing Attack

“…In recent times, the escalating concern about phishing attacks impacting voting systems, particularly with the rise of electronic and online voting methods, has underscored the vulnerability of elections to compromise. The acceptance of internet voting platforms due to their convenience and accessibility, exemplified by systems like Integrated Real-time Electronic Voting (IREV), has coincided with an increase in security risks, with clone phishing attacks being a notable threat [1]. While online voting offers advantages in accessibility and costeffectiveness, questions about security, privacy, and verifiability have arisen [2].…”

“…Research has highlighted various security threats, including clone phishing attacks, prompting a focus on these assaults [3]. These attacks aim to obtain sensitive data by imitating legitimate websites, raising significant concerns for the overall security of voting systems [1]. To counteract this, the implementation of visual cryptography, which divides secret images into shares to prevent centralized data storage, has been suggested as a défense mechanism [4].…”