“…The sparsity challenges can be handled by incorporating generative adversarial networks (GANs) [123]. The method of manufactured learning can leverage both mathematical functions (e.g., Chebyshev, Dickens, wavelet families) or physical sets (e.g., proper orthogonal decomposition modes [45,193,281], Lagrangian coherent structures [133,144,301], exact coherent structures [39,92,314,346], terrain induced vortices [88,284,329], traveling waves [33,132,155], periodic or relative periodic orbits [72]) to train without requiring an expensive “truth" labeled data. It is also pivotal when we construct self‐evolving surrogate models on locally embedded structures.…”