Parameterization of Air-Sea Interface Fluxes of Sensible Heat and Moisture by the Bulk Aerodynamic Formulas

Friehe, Carl A.; Schmitt, Kurt F.

doi:10.1175/1520-0485(1976)006<0801:poasif>2.0.co;2

Cited by 174 publications

(73 citation statements)

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“…It is notable that many studies have high values for near-neutral conditions. This is clearly seen in Wu's (1992) reanalysis of the data from Friehe and Schmitt (1976) and from Smith (1980). In Wu's Figure 3, C H is plotted against U 10 T , showing very high values close to U 10 T = 0.…”

Section: Discussion and Comparison With Other Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical re‐evaluation of the bulk transfer coefficient for sensible heat over the ocean during unstable and neutral conditions

Smedman

Erik

Johansson

2007

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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ABSTRACT:A new analysis of the neutral heat transfer coefficient C HN on data fromÖstergarnsholm is presented, which is primarily based on a limited set of measurements with the very accurate MIUU (Meteorological Institute of the University of Uppsala) instrument, but with additional information from an extensive set of measurements with Solent sonic R2. Sonic data are, however, used with great caution, since for wind speed U above 10 m s −1 , a strongly windspeed-dependent correction is shown to be required. This error is roughly proportional to (U − 10) for sea-air temperature differences less than 4-5 K. For a larger temperature difference, no correction appears to be necessary in the wind speed range 10-15 m s −1 .We infer from our data that for conditions when unstable and near-neutral conditions prevail, measurements of the sea surface -air temperature difference are accurate to within 0.1 K at our site. This means that data for a range of relatively small temperature differences (0.5-1.5 K) which were often rejected in previous studies could be retained. It is observed that a rapid increase of C H and C HN occurs in that range.For wind speed above 10 m s −1 , C HN is observed to increase rapidly with U 10 . During those conditions, the wave field at the site is known to have characteristics very similar to those in deep-sea conditions. In a previous analysis of data fromÖstergarnsholm, it was speculated that observed high C HN values could be due to spray. Calculations with a spray model showed, however, conclusively that for wind speeds less than 14 m s −1 , the spray effect on the sensible heat flux is expected to be small. The high C HN values must instead be due to dynamic effects.It is demonstrated that when the Obukhov length L is less than about −150 m a regime with very specific characteristics ensues. This regime is dominated by surface-layer scale eddies, which cause Monin-Obukhov relations for the exchange of sensible heat to break down. The characteristics of this surface-layer regime are treated in detail in the companion paper.The rise of C HN with wind speed is shown to be closely related to a corresponding increase of z 0T with roughness Reynolds number for winds above 10 m s −1 . This means that during those conditions, traditional surface renewal theory for heat is no longer valid. It is suggested that this, in turn, is a result of increasing importance of wave-breaking with increasing wind and with a possible link to processes in near-surface atmospheric layers in the regime with −L > 150 m.

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Section: Discussion and Comparison With Other Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Critical re‐evaluation of the bulk transfer coefficient for sensible heat over the ocean during unstable and neutral conditions

Smedman

Erik

Johansson

2007

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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“…Roughly speaking, CH is about 20-30 % larger than CE. Friehe and Schmitt (1976) noted that CE is larger than CH as the Prandtl number is larger than Schmidt number. However, these values are usually set equal as CH=CE(e.g., Kondo, 1975).…”

Section: Bulk Transfer Coefficientsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Turbulent Flux Measurements and Energy Budget Analysis over the Equatorial Pacific during TOGA-COARE IOP

Tsukamoto

Ishida

1995

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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Turbulent flux measurements were carried out on board the R/V Hakuhomaru during TOGA-COARE IOP in Nov., 1992. She stayed at the station of 156E on the equator, north of the Intensive Flux Array (IFA) of COARE region for more than 2 weeks (Asai, 1993). Turbulent fluxes were evaluated by the eddy correlation method, including ship motion corrections for wind velocity fluctuations. The weather situation was relatively calm for most of the period. Convective activity developed in the latter half of the period with occasional showers. It was found that heat fluxes from the sea surface were about 14 Wm-2 and 88 Wm-2 for sensible and latent heat fluxes, respectively, as mean values of the period when Brook's correction was accepted. However they increased to almost double when a gust front developed from the precipitating cumulus as a downdraft.Bulk transfer coefficients were estimated from eddy fluxes and bulk meteorological values. The average values of CH=1.32x10-3 and CE=1.16x10-3 were evaluated. The wind speed dependencies of the coefficients were investigated and increases in the low wind speed region were observed, which supports the previous prediction. The surface energy budget was investigated based on radiation and turbulent flux measurements. The net heat flux into the water was estimated to be about 68Wm-2 in this period.The present data of eddy correlation measurements are considered to be one of the sea truth standards, as well as the ones from the R/V Moana Wave, Franklin and Natsushima.

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“…These values, for the light winds here, are similar to Smith (1988), as well as to earlier results of Friehe and Schmitt (1976) used by Reed (1978).…”

Section: Surface Heat Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 57%

Surface heat fluxes and subsurface heat content at a site over the southeastern Bering Sea shelf, May–July 1996

Reed

Stabeno

2002

Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography

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Parameterization of Air-Sea Interface Fluxes of Sensible Heat and Moisture by the Bulk Aerodynamic Formulas

Cited by 174 publications

References 0 publications

Critical re‐evaluation of the bulk transfer coefficient for sensible heat over the ocean during unstable and neutral conditions

Critical re‐evaluation of the bulk transfer coefficient for sensible heat over the ocean during unstable and neutral conditions

Turbulent Flux Measurements and Energy Budget Analysis over the Equatorial Pacific during TOGA-COARE IOP

Surface heat fluxes and subsurface heat content at a site over the southeastern Bering Sea shelf, May–July 1996

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