Parameterization of the Accretion Process between Different Precipitation Elements

Mizuno, Hakaru

doi:10.2151/jmsj1965.68.3_395

Cited by 23 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Furthermore, the mathematical shortcut of either Wisner et al (1972) or Mizuno (1990) has been applied for decades rather than more advanced solutions by Verlinde et al (1990) or Gaudet and Schmidt (2005). This seems logical if we consider a hypothetical 1-mm diameter raindrop falling at 7 m s 21 colliding with a 0.5-mm snowflake that instantly initiates the freezing process and unifies the resulting 2 particles.…”

Section: (V) Graupel Pathway: Collisions Of Rain and Snowmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(vi) Graupel pathway: Collisions of rain and graupel Similar to rain colliding with snow, rain and graupel collisions typically implement the Mizuno (1990) shortcut, which is a far worse solution in this case than it is for rain/snow collisions. This is due to the more frequent occurrence of similar fall speeds between the two species in which the mathematical simplifications of removing the terminal velocity difference outside of the integral over diameter is a violation of proper mathematics.…”

Section: (V) Graupel Pathway: Collisions Of Rain and Snowmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Resolution Simulations of Wintertime Precipitation in the Colorado Headwaters Region: Sensitivity to Physics Parameterizations

Liu

Ikeda

Thompson

et al. 2011

Monthly Weather Review

166

174

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An investigation was conducted on the effects of various physics parameterizations on wintertime precipitation predictions using a high-resolution regional climate model. The objective was to evaluate the sensitivity of cold-season mountainous snowfall to cloud microphysics schemes, planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes, land surface schemes, and radiative transfer schemes at a 4-km grid spacing applicable to the next generation of regional climate models.The results indicated that orographically enhanced precipitation was highly sensitive to cloud microphysics parameterizations. Of the tested 7 parameterizations, 2 schemes clearly outperformed the others that overpredicted the snowfall amount by as much as ;30%-60% on the basis of snow telemetry observations. Significant differences among these schemes were apparent in domain averages, spatial distributions of hydrometeors, latent heating profiles, and cloud fields. In comparison, model results showed relatively weak dependency on the land surface, PBL, and radiation schemes, roughly in the order of decreasing level of sensitivity.

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Section: (V) Graupel Pathway: Collisions Of Rain and Snowmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: (V) Graupel Pathway: Collisions Of Rain and Snowmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Resolution Simulations of Wintertime Precipitation in the Colorado Headwaters Region: Sensitivity to Physics Parameterizations

Liu

Ikeda

Thompson

et al. 2011

Monthly Weather Review

166

174

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“…where ,*1=1.2, *2 =0.95 and *3 =0.08, the proposed values for the case of bs =b* = 0.5 by Mizuno (1990a), are chosen. The rate of accretion of snow by rain, Pracs, is formulated in a similar way to Psacr (see Mizuno, 1990a).…”

Section: Riming Growth O F Cloud Icementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rate of accretion of snow by rain, Pracs, is formulated in a similar way to Psacr (see Mizuno, 1990a).…”

Section: Riming Growth O F Cloud Icementioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Modeling of the Convective Snow Cloud over the Sea of Japan

Ikawa¹,

Mizuno²,

Matsuo³

et al. 1991

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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A bulk parameterization scheme of cloud microphysics which predicts not only the number concentrations of cloud ice and snow but also that of graupel, in addition to the mixing ratios of six water species (water vapor, cloud water, rain, cloud ice, ;snow and graupel), is developed. This scheme is applied to the 3-dimensional simulation of the convective snow cloud observed over the Sea of Japan on Feb. 4, 1989, with a cloud top temperature at -20*.In the simulation where conventional parameters are used for Fletcher's deposition/sorption nucleation, Bigg's freezing of cloud droplets and the Hallet-Mossop rime-splinter secondary production of ice crystals, the maximum of number concentration of ice particles is about 5 *104/m3, 1/4 of the observed counterpart (2 *105/m3). Radar reflectivity is larger by 10 dBZ than observation. Other aspects appear to be well reproduced by the model at least qualitatively. Precipitation formation in the simulated cloud is examined, and it is found to be consistent with observational studies.Sensitivity experiments to the amplification of various ice nucleation rates are conducted to simulate the cloud more realistically and to see the effects of the increase of the number concentration of ice crystals on the precipitation formation of the convective cloud. The increase in the number concentration of ice crystals to the value of 105*106/m3 results in the increase of snow in mass and number and the decrease of radar reflectivity. The further increase in the number concentration of ice crystals to the value (107/m3) results in suppression of precipitation, glaciation of cloud with little cloud water and suspension of abundant snow in the air. These experiments give some support to the possibility of suppressing the precipitation by overseeding.Some merits of predicting number concentrations of ice particles are discussed. In the simulation, the intercept parameters of the inverse exponential size distribution functions for snow and graupel, Nos and Nog, are found to be more dependent on the stage of the cloud development than on the precipitation rate. This feature cannot be reproduced by the model with the prescribed Nos and Nog. For a more realistic simulation of clouds, a more reliable knowledge about ice nucleation is crucial.

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“…The question of what to make of these large collection rates is complicated by the fact that, whereas the continuous collection equation provides an essentially exact simple analytical solution to the collection of a species with little terminal velocity (e.g., cloud) by a hydrometeor, the analytical solution to the collection of one hydrometeor by another is difficult to obtain (Verlinde et al 1990;Liu et al 2003;Gaudet and Schmidt 2005, hereinafter Part I). Thus, operational microphysics models tended to rely on approximations to the exact collection equation (Wisner et al 1972;Murakami 1990) that were known to be inaccurate at times (Verlinde et al 1990;Mizuno 1990;Ć urić and Janc 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Hydrometeor Collection Rates from Exact and Approximate Equations. Part II: Numerical Bounding

Gaudet

Schmidt

2007

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

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Past microphysical investigations, including Part I of this study, have noted that the collection equation, when applied to the interaction between different hydrometeor species, can predict large mass transfer rates, even when an exact solution is used. The fractional depletion in a time step can even exceed unity for the collected species with plausible microphysical conditions and time steps, requiring "normalization" by a microphysical scheme. Although some of this problem can be alleviated through the use of more moment predictions and hydrometeor categories, the question as to why such "overdepletion" can be predicted in the first place remains insufficiently addressed. It is shown through both physical and conceptual arguments that the explicit time discretization of the bulk collection equation for any moment is not consistent with a quasi-stochastic view of collection. The result, under certain reasonable conditions, is a systematic overprediction of collection, which can become a serious error in the prediction of higher-order moments in a bulk scheme. The term numerical bounding is used to refer to the use of a quasi-stochastically consistent formula that prevents fractional collections exceeding unity for any moments. Through examples and analysis it is found that numerical bounding is typically important in mass moment prediction for time steps exceeding approximately 10 s. The Poisson-based numerical bounding scheme is shown to be simple in application and conceptualization; within a straightforward idealization it completely corrects overdepletion while even being immune to the rediagnosis error of the time-splitting method. The scheme's range of applicability and utility are discussed.

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Parameterization of the Accretion Process between Different Precipitation Elements

Cited by 23 publications

References 22 publications

High-Resolution Simulations of Wintertime Precipitation in the Colorado Headwaters Region: Sensitivity to Physics Parameterizations

High-Resolution Simulations of Wintertime Precipitation in the Colorado Headwaters Region: Sensitivity to Physics Parameterizations

Numerical Modeling of the Convective Snow Cloud over the Sea of Japan

Assessment of Hydrometeor Collection Rates from Exact and Approximate Equations. Part II: Numerical Bounding

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