Parameters of triggered‐lightning flashes in Florida and Alabama

Fisher, Richard J.; Schnetzer, G.H.; Thottappillil, Rajeev; Rakov, Vladimir A.; Uman, M. A.; Goldberg, J. D.

doi:10.1029/93jd02293

Cited by 199 publications

(190 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…At the ICLRT, lightning is triggered (artificially initiated) from natural overhead thunderclouds using the rocket-and-wire technique [e.g., Newman, 1958;Fieux et al, 1975;Uman et al, 1997;Rakov, 1999;Rakov and Uman, 2003]. Triggered lightning is typically composed of an initial stage involving an upward-propagating positive leader initiating a relatively steady current of the order of 100 A with a duration of hundreds of milliseconds, followed by one or more dart leader-return stroke sequences which are very similar to the strokes following the first stroke in natural downward lightning [e.g., Fisher et al, 1993].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Return stroke peak current versus charge transfer in rocket‐triggered lightning

Schoene¹,

Uman²,

Rakov³

2010

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] We examined data on 117 return strokes in 31 rocket-and-wire-triggered lightning flashes acquired during experiments conducted from 1999 through 2004 at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing at Camp Blanding, Florida, in order to compare the peak currents of the lightning return strokes with the corresponding charges transferred during various time intervals within 1 ms after return stroke initiation. We find that the determination coefficient (R 2 ) for lightning return stroke peak current versus the corresponding charge transfer decreases with increasing the duration of the charge transfer starting from return stroke onset. For example, R 2 = 0.91 for a charge transfer duration of 50 ms after return stroke onset, R 2 = 0.83 for a charge transfer duration of 400 ms, and R 2 = 0.77 for a charge transfer duration of 1 ms. Our results support the view that (1) the charge deposited on the lower portion of the leader channel determines the current peak and that (2) the charge transferred at later times is increasingly unrelated to both the current peak and the charge deposited on the lower channel section. Additionally, we find that the relation between triggered-lightning peak current and charge transfer to 50 ms in Florida is essentially the same as that for subsequent strokes in natural lightning in Switzerland, further confirming the view that triggered-lightning strokes are very similar to subsequent strokes in natural lightning.Citation: Schoene, J., M. A. Uman, and V. A. Rakov (2010), Return stroke peak current versus charge transfer in rockettriggered lightning,

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Return stroke peak current versus charge transfer in rocket‐triggered lightning

Schoene¹,

Uman²,

Rakov³

2010

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…Assuming I ഛ 10 kA, the effective acceleration associated with the magnetic pinching forces is which is significantly less than the air backflow acceleration a 0 Х 7.07ϫ 10 4 m/s 2 . Therefore, during most of the continuing current stage, with a typical current I c = 1000-100 A, 5 the pinch instability is much weaker then the RayleighTaylor instability. In the following calculations, the continuing current is assumed constant, with a value I c = 1000 A.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] In a recent book, Rakov and Uman 6 pointed out that bead lightning clearly involves an already existing lightning channel, but there is no consensus view of the physical mechanism for its formation. This periodic structure has been recently recorded using a fast charge-coupled-device ͑CCD͒ camera during a series of triggered lightning experiments carried out in the International Center for Triggered and Natural Lightning in Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4 Low currents of the order of 100 A may flow for periods from milliseconds to tens of milliseconds after each return stroke. 5 Each successive stroke is formed only after the continuing current terminates with a typical 50 ms duration. At this time the channel has cooled down and its linear resistance has increased to levels sufficiently large to allow the excitation of a new ionization wave, which leads to a new stroke.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bead lightning formation

Ludwig

Saba

2005

Physics of Plasmas

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Formation of beaded structures in triggered lightning discharges is considered in the framework of both magnetohydrodynamic ͑MHD͒ and hydrodynamic instabilities. It is shown that the space periodicity of the structures can be explained in terms of the kink and sausage type instabilities in a cylindrical discharge with anomalous viscosity. In particular, the fast growth rate of the hydrodynamic Rayleigh-Taylor instability, which is driven by the backflow of air into the channel of the decaying return stroke, dominates the initial evolution of perturbations during the decay of the return current. This instability is responsible for a significant enhancement of the anomalous viscosity above the classical level. Eventually, the damping introduced at the current channel edge by the high level of anomalous viscous stresses defines the final length scale of bead lightning. Later, during the continuing current stage of the lightning flash, the MHD pinch instability persists, although with a much smaller growth rate that can be enhanced in a M-component event. The combined effect of these instabilities may explain various aspects of bead lightning.

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“…It is often observed that there are humps embedded in the continuing currents, termed M components. These almost symmetric swells have rise times of about few hundred microseconds and amplitude ranging from few hundreds to about thousand Amperes [3,[5][6][7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Lempsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Transients in Radio/Microwave Bands and Surge Protection Devices

Gomes¹,

Cooray²

2010

PIER

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Abstract-A comprehensive review has been done on the types of electromagnetic transients that may affect low voltage electrical systems. The paper discusses various characteristics of lightning, switching, nuclear and intentional microwave impulses giving special attention to their impact on equipment and systems. The analysis shows that transients have a wide range of rise time, half peak width, action integral etc. with respect to both source and coupling mechanism. Hence, transient protection technology should be more specific with regard to the capabilities of the protection devices. Furthermore, we discuss the components and techniques available for the protection of low voltage systems from lightning generated electrical transients and the adequacy of International Standards in addressing the transient protection issues. The outcome of our analysis questions the suitability of 8/20 µs test current impulse in representing characteristics such as the time derivative and the energy content of lightning impulses. The 10/350 µs test current impulse better represents the integrated effects of the energy content of impulse component and long continuing current. A new waveform is required to be specified for testing the ability of protective devices to respond to the fast leading edges of subsequent strokes that may appear 100 s of millisecond after the preceding stroke. The test voltage waveform

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Parameters of triggered‐lightning flashes in Florida and Alabama

Cited by 199 publications

References 25 publications

Return stroke peak current versus charge transfer in rocket‐triggered lightning

Return stroke peak current versus charge transfer in rocket‐triggered lightning

Bead lightning formation

Electromagnetic Transients in Radio/Microwave Bands and Surge Protection Devices

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