“…The blood flow at a micro-vascular level within the biological tissue is typically modeled by utilizing the porous media theory, whereby the tissue is assumed to be comprised of two phases: the solid phase comprising of cells and the extracellular space, and the fluid phase comprising of capillary size blood vessels [ 94 , 95 , 118 , 119 , 121 , 122 , 123 ]. The blood flow within the large blood vessels ( 2 mm in diameter) is modeled by additional coupling of the fluid flow model with the proposed thermo-electric model presented in this study, whereby the geometry of the blood vessel within the computational domain can be incorporated either by including a cylinder or a vascular tree [ 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 124 , 125 ]. It is expected that further refinement of the model can be done by deriving the computational domain from actual patient-specific data, which will provide more rigorous analysis and would help medical practitioners to obtain more accurate and precise predictions of the treatment outcomes during the RF application in pain management.…”