Paranoia and self-concepts in psychosis: A systematic review of the literature

Childhood maltreatment and psychotic experiences: Exploring the specificity of early maladaptive schemas

“…This notion aligns with research from cognitive models of psychosis used within clinical and nonclinical samples (Appiah‐Kusi et al, ). Evidence suggests that childhood maltreatment may create an enduring cognitive vulnerability, characterized by negative schematic models of the self and the world that facilitates appraisal biases and low self‐esteem, particularly if criticism stems directly from family members (Barrowclough et al, ; Garety, Bebbington, Fowler, Freeman, & Kuipers, ; Garety et al, ; Tiernan, Tracey, & Shannon, ). Indeed, the results showed that having a poor parental relationship was positively associated with defectiveness/shame, which is part of the disconnection and rejection domain.…”

Inner Speech and Clarity of Self-Concept in Thought Disorder and Auditory-Verbal Hallucinations

“…For example, Cicero and colleagues (Cicero et al, 2013) reported that the interaction between poor self-concept clarity and aberrant salience was a significant predictor of psychotic-like experiences whereas a larger body of research has suggested a more specific association between negative self-concept and paranoia (Tiernan et al, 2014). According to DST, however, TD should relate to a lack of self-concept clarity resulting from the emergence of a cacophonous self.…”

“…To test the specificity of these hypotheses, we decided to control for other psychotic experiences ( e.g. , hallucinations and delusions) given that self-concept has been found to be an important variable in paranoia (Tiernan et al, 2014) and inner speech has been conceptualized as an important aspect of auditory verbal hallucinations (Alderson-Day et al, 2014; Bentall, 1990; Fernyhough, 2004). …”

The predictive value of early maladaptive schemas in paranoid responses to social stress

“…Our findings underline the relevance of EMSs to PD and contain some clinical implications that may inform future research. Most of the previous research on self‐concepts and persecutory delusions has focused on global self‐esteem (Kesting & Lincoln, ; Tiernan, Tracey, & Shannon, ). However, growing evidence points to a particular relevance of specific interpersonal schemas, (i.e., “valued by others”; “ability to make contact with other people”; “emotions and relations to others”; Hesse, Kriston, Mehl, et al, ; Hesse, Kriston, Wittorf, et al, ; Lincoln, Mehl, et al, ).…”