Parapoxvirus Infections of Red Deer, Italy

Scagliarini, Alessandra; F, Vaccari; Turrini, Filippo; Bianchi, Alessandro; Cordioli, Paolo; Llombart‐Bosch, Antonio

doi:10.3201/eid1704.101454

Cited by 35 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In 2008, severe cases of pustular stomatitis in wild ruminants (chamois, ibex and red deer) were reported in the Italian Alps . Based on (partial) sequence information of two genes, the B2L gene and the viral vascular endothelial growth factor (vVEGF) gene, Scagliarini et al (2011) proposed PVNZ as causative agent of the disease in red deer.…”

Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 96%

“…Affected animals appeared to be healthy and did not show any lesions on their muzzle, head or antlers. This is in contrast to previous reports on diseased red deer showing mild to severe lesions or that even involved fatal clinical outcomes (Horner et al, 1987;Robinson & Mercer, 1995;Scagliarini et al, 2011). By demonstrating the presence of PPV in tonsil swabs of red deer without any clinical signs, the subclinical persistence of PPV in red deer became evident.…”

Section: S Friederichs and Othersmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…1995; Scagliarini et al, 2011), and finally reindeer and musk oxen from Scandinavia (Falk, 1978;Tikkanen et al, 2004). In the majority of diseased wildlife the aetiological agent has been identified as either ORFV or PCPV, whereas seal parapoxvirus has been suggested as a new tentative species and so far PPVs originating from red deer have been attributed to PVNZ.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parapoxvirus (PPV) of red deer reveals subclinical infection and confirms a unique species

Friederichs¹,

Krebs

Blum

et al. 2015

Journal of General Virology

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Parapoxvirus (PPV) infections are of worldwide importance, particularly in sheep and goat herds. Owing to the zoonotic potential of all PPV species, they are a permanent threat to human health as well. The virus is also known to affect wildlife, as reported for pinnipeds, red deer and several other wild ruminants. PPVs found in red deer have been claimed as a unique species according to certain genomic features. So far infection of wildlife has been recognized because of clinical manifestation such as inflammation, stomatitis or typical pox-like lesions in the skin or mucous membranes. Here we report the use of targeted molecular diagnostics for the presence of PPV genomes in tonsil swabs of apparently healthy red deer in the Bavarian Alps. Out of 1764 swabs, 0.79 % tested positive for PPV genome presence. From one sample, PPV was successfully isolated in cell culture. This virus became the subject of complete genome characterization using next generation sequencing and various subsidiary PCR protocols. Strikingly, about a quarter of all ORFs were found to be larger than the corresponding ORFs in the reference PPV genome sequences used for comparison. To our knowledge this is the first genome-wide analysis that confirms red deer PPV as a unique species within the genus Parapoxvirus in Europe. Persistence of PPV in Alpine red deer indicates a source for virus transmission to susceptible livestock and hunters. The findings provide a further example of wildlife animals playing an important role as an inconspicuous reservoir of zoonotic diseases.

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Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 96%

Section: S Friederichs and Othersmentioning

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Parapoxvirus (PPV) of red deer reveals subclinical infection and confirms a unique species

Friederichs¹,

Krebs

Blum

et al. 2015

Journal of General Virology

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“…The partial amino acid sequences of the major envelope protein encoded by the B2L gene of isolates 9108 and 3643 were aligned by ClustalW and compared to other BPSV strains, showing 96.7% identity. This partial protein sequence has been frequently used for phylogenetic analyses of parapoxviruses (5,6,14,18), showing that PCPV and OV strains are normally characterized by a certain level of variability, while PVNZ (14) and BPSV strains demonstrate 100% identity, in spite of the different geographic origins and years of isolation (Table 1 and Fig. 2).…”

Section: Case Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Original Findings Associated with Two Cases of Bovine Papular Stomatitis

Pozzo

Martinelle²,

Gallina

et al. 2011

J Clin Microbiol

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Bovine papular stomatitis virus was isolated from two calves in an animal house with biosafety level 3 confinement. The hypotheses on the origin of the infection, the interesting features of the partial amino acid sequences of the major envelope viral protein, and the importance of diagnostic tools available for animal diseases that are not listed by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) are discussed. CASE REPORTTwo 7-month-old female Holstein calves were housed in an insect-secure zone of biosafety level 3 (A3). They originated from two different farms (located about 80 km away from each other), with no history of animal transfer or contacts. They were housed with 10 other calves of the same age, and they all tested seronegative and nonviremic for bluetongue virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus and seronegative for bovine herpesvirus 1. One month after the animal introduction in the A3 facility, lesions localized in the inner sides of the lips and gums were observed in one calf (9108). The lesions appeared flat, characterized by brownish erosions in the form of a ring or a horseshoe (Fig. 1A). This aspect allowed the veterinarian to formulate a suspicion of bovine papular stomatitis (BPS). Ten days after the first observation, similar lesions were observed in a second calf (3643) (Fig. 1B) and a biopsy specimen was taken for laboratory analysis.The initial suspicion of BPS was supported by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) performed on scrapings of the lesions of calf 9108. Large amounts of particles with the characteristic size (approximately 320 nm by 190 nm) and ovoid morphology of parapoxviruses were observed. These demonstrated a typical criss-cross pattern of the filaments at their surface ( Fig. 1C and D). A PCR was carried out on the DNA purified from the animal biopsy specimens using the panparapoxvirus primer pair PPP-1 and PPP-4 (7), and a unique and specific band of 594 bp, corresponding to a partial sequence of the B2L gene, was obtained, leading us to confirm a parapoxvirus infection. The amplification products were sequenced and compared, revealing 100% identity between the two isolates. The ClustalW alignment performed to compare the genomic sequences to those of other parapoxviruses showed that the highest nucleotide identity (97%) was found with bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), followed by parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand (PVNZ) (85.9%), pseudocowpoxvirus (PCPV) (84.3 to 85.1%), and orf virus (OV) (83.8 to 83.9%) strains. In order to verify the BPSV viability, viral isolation was carried out on primary lamb keratinocytes (PLK) starting from homogenized specimens of the biopsy specimens, and after two blind passages, viral cytopathic effect was observed.

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“…Analogous lesions caused by parapoxvirus were also observed in camels (Gitao, 1994) and in a red deer (Scagliarini et al, 2011). Skin nodules located in head, neck and thorax, were reported in a sea lynx (Zalophus californianus) infected with parapoxvirus (Nollens et al, 2006).…”

Section: Figure 10: Ultrathin Section Of the Crusts Fragments Observmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Parapoxvirus in goats during contagious ecthyma outbreak in Ceará State, Brazil by transmission electron microscopy techniques

Catroxo¹,

Martins²,

Souza³

2017

IJOEAR

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Abstract-Contagious ecthyma or contagious pustular dermatitis, is a viral skin disease that occurs in sheep, goats and wild ruminants and is characterized by the formation of papules, nodules or vesicles that progress into thick crusts showing two morphological forms, a mulberry (M) form with a distinctive crisscross filament pattern derived from the superimposition of upper and lower virion surfaces and a capsular (C) form caused by stain penetration and distention of the virion core, measuring 300 x 180 nm was observed. Antigen antibody reaction was increased by the colloidal gold particles. In the ultrathin sections of crusts, we verified the presence of three types of intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, type A or Bollinger inclusion bodies, outlined by membrane, presented in it

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Parapoxvirus Infections of Red Deer, Italy

Abstract: To characterize parapoxviruses causing severe disease in wild ruminants in Stelvio Park, Italy, we sequenced and compared the DNA of several isolates. Results demonstrated that the red deer isolates are closely related to the parapox of red deer in New Zealand virus.

Cited by 35 publications

References 10 publications

Parapoxvirus (PPV) of red deer reveals subclinical infection and confirms a unique species

Parapoxvirus (PPV) of red deer reveals subclinical infection and confirms a unique species

Original Findings Associated with Two Cases of Bovine Papular Stomatitis

Detection of Parapoxvirus in goats during contagious ecthyma outbreak in Ceará State, Brazil by transmission electron microscopy techniques

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