Paraquat and Related Bipyridyls

Experimental Studies on Acute and Subchronic Toxicity of a New Herbicide, “Phenothiol”

“…The test compound used in this study was "Phenothiol", S-ethyl(4-chloro-2-methyl) phenoxy thioacetate and has a following structure: 661 (11) syringe. The number of death was counted 7 to 10 days after the oral administration.…”

Herbicides and the Risk of Neurodegenerative Disease

“…In green plants, the light energy captured by chlorophyll is transferred as electrons through photosystem I. In the presence of the reduced form of paraquat, the electrons from the Fe-S centres of photosystem I are diverted and react with paraquat (Conning et al, 1969) to generate superoxide anion O 2 -. This in turn generates hydroxyl radicals either directly or via the intermediary hydrogen peroxide.…”

Systematic Analysis of Superoxide‐Dependent Signaling in Plant Cells: Usefulness and Specificity of Methyl Viologen Application

“…This process inhibits reduction of NADP þ by competing for electrons at photosystem I and consequently the free radical in the cell is generated at the expense of NADPH. Additional evidence for this mode of action is provided by the fact that the damaging effects require light as well as oxygen and are restricted to the green parts of the plants at low concentration [88]. …”