Paraquat

Lock, Edward A.

doi:10.1016/b978-012426260-7.50073-2

Cited by 18 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 361 publications

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“…Paraquat has been commercially available since 1962 49 and is one of the most widely used herbicides worldwide. 50 Exposure has been associated with PD in most, 9,24,51–53 but not all, 54,55 previous studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic modification of the association of paraquat and Parkinson's disease

et al. 2012

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Paraquat is one of the most widely used herbicides worldwide. It produces a Parkinson’s disease (PD) model in rodents through redox cycling and oxidative stress (OS) and is associated with PD risk in humans. Glutathione transferases provide cellular protection against OS and could potentially modulate paraquat toxicity. We investigated PD risk associated with paraquat use in individuals with homozygous deletions of the genes encoding glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) or T1 (GSTT1). Eighty-seven PD subjects and 343 matched controls were recruited from the Agricultural Health Study, a study of licensed pesticide applicators and spouses in Iowa and North Carolina. PD was confirmed by in-person examination. Paraquat use and covariates were determined by interview. We genotyped subjects for homozygous deletions of GSTM1 (GSTM1*0) and GSTT1 (GSTT1*0) and tested interaction between paraquat use and genotype using logistic regression. Two hundred and twenty-three (52%) subjects had GSTM1*0, 95 (22%) had GSTT1*0, and 73 (17%; all men) used paraquat. After adjustment for potential confounders, there was no interaction with GSTM1. In contrast, GSTT1 genotype significantly modified the association between paraquat and PD. In men with functional GSTT1, the odds ratio (OR) for association of PD with paraquat use was 1.5 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.6–3.6); in men with GSTT1*0, the OR was 11.1 (95% CI: 3.0–44.6; P interaction: 0.027). Although replication is needed, our results suggest that PD risk from paraquat exposure might be particularly high in individuals lacking GSTT1. GSTT1*0 is common and could potentially identify a large subpopulation at high risk of PD from oxidative stressors such as paraquat.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic modification of the association of paraquat and Parkinson's disease

et al. 2012

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“…[1415161718] In fatal cases of paraquat poisoning, histopathological findings range from pulmonary congestion, edema, and hemorrhage to extensive pulmonary fibrosis. [19] Paraquat toxicity produces local as well as systemic effects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paraquat poisoning: A case report and review of literature

Kondle

Mahesh

Sasidhar

et al. 2013

J Fam Community Med

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Paraquat (1, r-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridium dichloride), a brown syrupy liquid is an effective herbicide that has low chronic toxicity because of its rapid deactivation on contact with soil. A high dose of paraquat or severe poisoning has a poor prognosis. At present there is no specific antidote to paraquat poisoning, hence the need to focus on prevention and in case of exposure or ingestion, aggressive decontamination to prevent further absorption. Although uncommon, paraquat ingestion can lead to severe and often fatal toxicity. However, despite its widespread availability, reports of this herbicide poisoning in India are uncommon.

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“…Dermal exposure represents by far the most significant route of exposure to paraquat for workers, with inhalation exposure approximately three orders of magnitude lower than skin exposure. 99 Paraquat is poorly absorbed across human skin, with percutaneous absorption of paraquat estimated to be 0.3%. 143 Measured paraquat levels in urine of agricultural workers in all parts of the world were low, with the majority of samples being below the limit of detection.…”

Section: Paraquat/maneb Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…An important structural difference between MPTP and paraquat is that MPTP is uncharged and lipophilic, whereas paraquat is charged and hydrophilic. 99 Consequently, MPTP is able to cross the blood-brain barrier where it is metabolized to the toxic metabolite MPPϩ, which is selectively taken up by dopaminergic neurons in the brain. In contrast, there is limited uptake of paraquat into the brain.…”

Section: Paraquatmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…113 Paraquat is poorly absorbed after oral and dermal administration. 99,113 Inhalation exposure is considered to be negligible because the spray particles used in applying paraquat are too large to be inhaled into the lungs and the vapor pressure of paraquat is very low. 113 A more rigorous exposure assessment, using published urine data from workers in all world areas, would provide better estimates of exposure.…”

Section: Paraquatmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Epidemiologic and Animal Data Associating Pesticides With Parkinson???s Disease

Mink

McIntosh

et al. 2005

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

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Exposure to pesticides may be a risk factor for developing Parkinson's disease (PD). To evaluate the evidence regarding this association in the scientific literature, we examined both analytic epidemiologic studies of PD cases in which exposure to pesticides was queried directly and whole-animal studies for PD-like effects after systemic pesticide exposure. Epidemiologic studies were considered according to study quality parameters, and results were found to be mixed and without consistent exposure-response or pesticide-specific patterns. These epidemiologic studies were limited by a lack of detailed and validated pesticide exposure assessment. In animal studies, no pesticide has yet demonstrated the selective set of clinical and pathologic signs that characterize human PD, particularly at levels relevant to human populations. We conclude that the animal and epidemiologic data reviewed do not provide sufficient evidence to support a causal association between pesticide exposure and PD.

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Paraquat

Cited by 18 publications

References 361 publications

Genetic modification of the association of paraquat and Parkinson's disease

Genetic modification of the association of paraquat and Parkinson's disease

Paraquat poisoning: A case report and review of literature

Evaluation of Epidemiologic and Animal Data Associating Pesticides With Parkinson???s Disease

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