Objective
Chimney” techniques used to extend landing zones for endovascular aortic repair(chEVAR) have been increasingly reported; however, concerns about durability and patency remain. The purpose of this analysis was to examine mid-term outcomes of chEVAR.
Methods
All patients at the University of Florida treated with chEVAR were reviewed. Major adverse events(MAEs) were recorded and defined as any chimney stent thrombosis, type 1a endoleak in follow-up, reintervention, 30-day/in-hospital death and/or ≥ 25% decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate after discharge. Primary end-points included chimney stent patency and freedom from MAE. Secondary end-points included complications and long-term survival.
Results
From 2008–2012, 41 patients[age ± standard deviation(SD); 73±8; male 66%(N=27)] were treated with a total of 76 chimney stents(renal, N=51; superior mesenteric artery, N=16 celiac artery, N=9) for a variety of indications: juxtarenal, 42%(N=17, 1 rupture); suprarenal, 17%(N=7), and thoracoabdominal aneurysm, 17%(N=7); aortic anastomotic pseudoaneurysm, 15%(N=6; 3 ruptures), type 1a endoleak after EVAR, 7%(N=3), and atheromatous disease, 2%(N=1). Two patients had a single target vessel abandoned due to cannulation failure and one had a type 1a endoleak at case completion(technical success = 93%). Intraoperative complications occurred in 7 patients(17%), including graft maldeployment with unplanned mesenteric chimney(N=2) and access vessel injury requiring repair(N=5). Major postoperative complications developed in 20%(N=8). 30-day and in-hospital mortality were 5%(N=2) and 7%(N=3), respectively.
At median follow-up of 18.2(range 1.4–41.5) months, 28 of 33(85%) patients with available postoperative imaging experienced stabilization or reduction of AAA sac diameters. Nine(32%) patients developed endoleak at some point during follow-up [type 1a, 7%(N=3); type 2, 10%(N=4); indeterminate, 7%(N=3)], and one patient underwent open, surgical conversion. The estimated probability of freedom from reintervention(±standard error mean) was 96±4% at both 1 and 3 years. Primary patency of all chimney stents was 88±5% and 85±5% at 1 and 3 years, respectively. Corresponding freedom from MAEs was 83±7% and 57±10% at 1 and 3 years. The 1 and 5-year actuarial estimated survival for all patients was 85±6% and 65±8%, respectively.
Conclusions
These results demonstrate that chEVAR can be completed with a high degree of success; however perioperative complications and MAEs during follow-up, including loss of chimney patency and endoleak may occur at a higher rate than previously reported. Elective use of chEVAR should be performed with caution and comparison to open and/or fenestrated EVAR is needed to determine long-term efficacy of this technique.