Parasite localization and dissemination in the<i>Babesia</i>-infected host

Schetters, Theo; Kleuskens, J.; Scholtes, N.; Gorenflot, A.

doi:10.1080/00034983.1998.11813309

Cited by 22 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Anaemia in babesiosis has been investigated in numerous studies. Several mechanisms that can cause anaemia have been proposed, such as sequestration in the spleen, autoimmune haemolysis, reduced red cell deformability, haemodilution and increased oxidative damage (Maegraith et al, 1957;Murase et al, 1995;Schetters et al, 1997aSchetters et al, , 1998Schetters et al, , 2009Reyers et al, 1998;Dondrop et al, 1999). Haemodilution as a cause of early anaemia was suggested by Schetters et al (2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In experimental B. rossi infection, there was a marked decrease in haematocrit long before parasites were detectible in peripheral blood (Shetters et al, 1997a). This early change was hypothesized to be caused by hemodilution, splenomegaly and sequestration in the spleen (Maegraith et al, 1957;Schetters et al, 1997aSchetters et al, , 1998Schetters et al, , 2009). This mechanism may include autoimmune haemolysis (Reyers et al, 1998), reduced red cell deformability (Dondrop et al, 1999) and increased oxidative damage (Murase et al, 1995;Morita et al, 1996;Otsuka et al, 2001;Rezaei and Dalir-Naghadeh, 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Malondialdehyde levels in serum of dogs infected with Babesia canis

Crnogaj¹,

Petlevski²,

Mrljak³

et al. 2010

Vet. Med.

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Babesiosis is a common tick born disease of dogs in tropical and subtropical regions of the world caused by different species of Babesia. The aim of the present study was to confirm the presence of oxidative stress by examining serum malondialdehyde (MDA), an end product of lipid peroxidation, in 35 dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis (B. canis). MDA was examined in 14 healthy dogs as well. Blood smears were prepared from peripheral blood and they showed the presence of B. canis in infected dogs. B. canis was confirmed using the PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) method. On the basis of clinical and laboratory data the 35 infected dogs were clinically classified into two groups, complicated (seven dogs) and uncomplicated (28 dogs). The noted complications were renal dysfunction (5/7), hepatic dysfunction (3/7), muscular involvement (2/7) and ARDS (1/7). Levels of blood urea nitrogen concentration (BUN), creatinin, total bilirubin, alanin aminotranspherase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (AP), and gammaglutamil aminotranspherase (GGT) were significantly increased in dogs with complicated versus uncomplicated babesiosis. Furthermore the uncomplicated group of dogs was, depending on the severity of anaemia, classified as suffering from severe, moderate or mild disease. Levels of serum MDA were significantly higher in sick dogs (36.90 μmol/l ± 13.95) than healthy animals (8.13 μmol/l ± 1.78). There was no significant statistical difference in serum MDA levels between dogs with complicated (38.48 μmol/l ± 12.11) and uncomplicated babesiosis (36.50 μmol/l ± 14.55). Comparison of the groups based on the severity of anaemia showed that there was no significant statistical difference in serum MDA levels between them. The study demonstrated the involvement of oxidative damage in dogs naturally infected with B. canis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Malondialdehyde levels in serum of dogs infected with Babesia canis

Crnogaj¹,

Petlevski²,

Mrljak³

et al. 2010

Vet. Med.

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“…In patients with falciparum malaria it has been shown that there is a decreased response to water load attributed to peripheral vasodilatation, which results in a decreased effective blood volume leading to the release of vasopressin and norepinephrine, increased renin activity and decreased renal perfusion 36 . It has also been suggested that water retention occurs in babesiosis 35 . Hyponatraemia in malaria has been ascribed to multiple factors: increased secretion of ADH, hypervolaemia, and accumulation of sodium in both parasitised and non-parasitised red blood cells as a result of decreased sodium-potassium ATP-ase activity 36 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renal involvement in dogs with babesiosis

Lobetti¹,

Jacobson²

2001

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.

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Proteinuria, and renal tubular casts and epithelial cells in urine sediment, are commonly observed in both complicated and uncomplicated babesiosis, but do not necessarily reflect or predict renal failure. This study investigated the presence and degree of renal damage in canine babesiosis. Renal function and integrity were evaluated using serum urea and creatinine, serum electrolytes (sodium and potassium), fractional clearance of sodium (FcNa) and potassium (FcK), urine enzyme activity of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase, urine protein:creatinine ratio, and urinalysis. One control group (n =10) and 3 groups of babesiosis cases were studied: mild uncomplicated (n =10), severe uncomplicated (n = 11), and complicated (n = 9). All babesiosis groups showed well-concentrated urine. Mean serum urea was elevated in the severe and complicated groups, and was significantly different from the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups for creatinine, although the complicated group had a mean value above the normal reference range. Hypokalaemia was uncommon in all the groups. Hyperkalaemia was present in only 2 dogs in the complicated group. Marginal hyponatraemia was present in a minority of dogs in all groups. The serumelectrolytes were not significantly different between groups. There was no overall elevation, nor any statistically significant difference in both the FcNa and FcK between the groups. Only 1 dog, in the complicated group, showed marked enzymuria. Proteinuria was a common finding and was significantly different between the severe and complicated groups and the control group. Some dogs in all groups had renal tubular epithelial cells in the urinary sediment, which increased in severity from the mild to the complicated groups and was significantly different from the control group. This study demonstrated that minimal renal damage occurs more often in canine babesiosis than significant damage or acute renal failure.

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“…The quantity of the destroyed erythrocytes is usually much higher than the degree of parasitaemia, suggesting that non-parasited erythrocytes may also be damaged [39]. Some of the proposed mechanisms responsible for this phenomena could be: sequestration of infected erythrocytes in microcirculation, decreased erythrocyte deformability, hemodilution and destruction of red blood cells due to the effects of oxidative stress [17, 40–43]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relation of antioxidant status at admission and disease severity and outcome in dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis canis

et al. 2017

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BackgroundCanine babesiosis is caused by species of the Babesia genus and has become an emerging disease worldwide. To the authors’ knowledge there are no reports in which antioxidants have been analyzed in different presentations of canine babesiosis or in which the prognostic value of antioxidants has been studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether oxidative stress could be related to the severity and outcome of canine babesiosis. For this purpose a profile consisting of four antioxidant biomarkers (superoxide dismutase - SOD, glutathione peroxidase - GPx, catalase, total antioxidant status - TAS) and malondialdehyde - MDA as an oxidant biomarker (previously evaluated, here studied for comparative purposes) were evaluated in dogs with canine babesiosis of different clinical severity and outcomes.ResultsThe study was conducted with a sample of 40 dogs suffering from babesiosis (further divided into uncomplicated, one complication and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome - MODS group) and 30 healthy dogs (control group). Additionally, the babesiosis group was divided according to the anaemia into non-anaemic, mildly anaemic, moderately anaemic and severely anaemic dogs. The results of our study showed significantly decreased SOD, catalase and TAS values in diseased dogs compared to controls, while there were no significant differences in GPx between these groups. Dogs that developed MODS showed lower activities of SOD and GPx and higher MDA values compared to dogs with uncomplicated babesiosis as well as with dogs that developed one complication. Superoxide dismutase, catalase and GPx were negatively correlated whereas MDA was positively correlated with the lethal outcome of the disease. Furthermore, this study detected more pronounced decrease in antioxidant biomarkers (SOD, GPx and catalase) in dogs with moderate anaemia compared to those with mild anaemia.ConclusionsThe results of this study showed changes in biomarkers related to the antioxidant status of dogs naturally infected with B. canis canis. These biomarkers could be used as indicators of disease severity and outcome in dogs suffering from babesiosis.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1020-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Parasite localization and dissemination in theBabesia-infected host

Cited by 22 publications

References 17 publications

Malondialdehyde levels in serum of dogs infected with Babesia canis

Malondialdehyde levels in serum of dogs infected with Babesia canis

Renal involvement in dogs with babesiosis

Relation of antioxidant status at admission and disease severity and outcome in dogs naturally infected with Babesia canis canis

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