Parasites and Sexual Reproduction in Psychid Moths

Kumpulainen, Tomi; Grapputo, Alessandro; Mappes, Johanna

doi:10.1554/03-567

Cited by 8 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…In theory, parthenogenetic species should replace their closelyrelated sexual species in the short term since they do not have the costs of producing males, do not experience the risks associated with mating and should colonize new areas more easily. Still, species of both types co-occur in many places, and even, on occasion, both types of the same species (Lepidopterologen-Arbeitsgruppe, 1997;Kumpulainen et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A 2004 study in Finland that measured parasitism of Naryciinae over a period of 3 years found that parasitism was higher in places where sexual species were predominant (Kumpulainen et al, 2004). The authors suggest that this correlation potentially reflects "the parasite hypothesis of sex" (i.e., the Red Queen hypothesis, see, a. o., King et al, 2009), which posits that genetically more variable sexuals tolerate parasites better than asexuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The parasitoid species complex associated with sexual and parthenogenetic Naryciinae (Lepidoptera: Psychidae): Integrating ecological and molecular analyses

Elzinga¹,

Zwakhals²,

Mappes³

et al. 2011

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. This study describes the parasitoid species complex associated with seven closely related species of sexual (Siederia rupicollella, S. listerella, Dahlica lazuri, D. charlottae and D. lichenella) and parthenogenetic (Dahlica fennicella and D. triquetrella) Naryciinae (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) in Central Finland. A thorough ecological analysis of all the species of parasitoids recorded was combined with analyses of molecular data. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA data were obtained from all the species in order to (1) detect cryptic species associated with host specialization, (2) assign undescribed males to females, and (3) verify the morphological identification of closely related species. A DNA barcoding technique was employed to identify host species from parasitized larval remains. By sampling more than 10,000 host larvae, of which 25.7% were parasitized, nine parasitoid species were identified morphologically, including both koinobionts (Ichneumonidae: Diadegma incompletum, Macrus parvulus, Trachyarus borealis, T. solyanikovi, T. fuscipes, T. brevipennis and Braconidae: Meteorus affinis) and idiobionts (Ichneumonidae: Orthizema flavicorne, Gelis fuscicornis).Ecological characteristics such as time and mode of host attack, time of emergence and level of specialization differed widely. The results show that differences in parasitoid biology need to be taken into account when studying differences in percentage parasitism of sexual and parthenogenetic Naryciinae. The molecular data revealed that one parasitoid species M. parvulus may consist of two cryptic forms associated with the sexual and parthenogenetic hosts, respectively. The data further establishes that T. brevipennis and some T. fuscipes are in fact morphotypes of one species. The large variation in mitochondrial DNA within species and its inconsistency with nuclear DNA demonstrate that current species and genus delimitation is inadequate in the Trachyarus species group. Our study shows that it is essential to use DNA barcoding methods when investigating host-parasitoid complexes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The parasitoid species complex associated with sexual and parthenogenetic Naryciinae (Lepidoptera: Psychidae): Integrating ecological and molecular analyses

Elzinga¹,

Zwakhals²,

Mappes³

et al. 2011

Eur. J. Entomol.

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“…A polyploid state event might explain the abundance of parthenogenetic species in this group of moths (Kumpulainen et al 2004, Elzinga et al 2011. Whole genome duplication, though, is not the only factor that may contribute to the maintenance of parthenogenesis in bagworm moths.…”

Section: Whole Genome Duplication In D Fennicellamentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In Finland, the species of the subfamily Naryciinae occur in forest habitats where both sexual and parthenogenetic species coexist (Kumpulainen et al 2004, Elzinga et al 2011. Their common name makes reference to the fact that the larvae live and complete their development in a selfenclosing case made of forest debris (Rhainds et al 2009).…”

Section: Bagworm Moth Species and Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating the Origin of Parthenogenesis and Ploidy Level inDahlica fennicella(Lepidoptera: Psychidae)

Chevasco

Elzinga

Galarza

et al. 2013

Annales Zoologici Fennici

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The theories for the predominance of sexual reproduction predict that parthenogens should have no long-term evolutionary potential due to the lack of genetic recombination, despite short term advantages. Although parthenogenesis is rare among high order animals, true parthenogens can be found in various taxa. The intriguing question of the proliferation and persistence of parthenogenetic species needs investigation. An ideal species for such research is a parthenogenetic moth Dahlica fennicella that appears to be as equally successful as other coexisting sexual species. We investigated whether high ploidy level of D. fennicella is due to hybridization between closely related sexual species. The results from flow cytometry measurements confirmed that D. fennicella is exclusively tetraploid whereas all sexual species of the genera Dahlica and Siederia are diploid. Our phylogenetic results showed the non-hybrid origin of the parthenogenetic D. fennicella in this group of Lepidoptera. Most likely, the parthenogenetic D. fennicella originated by autopolyploidization of D. lazuri, which is one of its closely related sexual species. We suggest that the apparent evolutionary success of D. fennicella might be due to polyploidy that could mask deleterious mutations and provide greater levels of genetic variation. IntroductionSexual reproduction is usually regarded as the primary mechanism underlying an organism's ability to adapt and evolve. Sex purportedly carries many advantages, such as genetic variability through recombination and helps to eliminate deleterious mutations (Muller 1964, Birky 1999, Rice & Friberg 2009). Despite its benefits, sexual reproduction carries costs that include the effort to find a suitable mate, exposure to predators during mating, disease transmission and the production of males (Crow 1999). Considering the advantages of sexual reproduction, the absence of sex in parthenogenetic species makes them appear to be evolutionary dead-ends (White (Provencher et al. 2005) can also induce parthenogenesis. However, the most common route to parthenogenesis is by hybridization, which often leads to allopolyploidy (Foighil & Smith 1995, Johnson 2006, Shinohara et al. 2010.Polyploidy and parthenogenetic reproduction are usually correlated (Suomalainen et al. 1987, Asker & Jerling 1992. A polyploid state can also be generated by autopolyploidization as a consequence of mitotic or meiotic failure of cell division (Otto & Whitton 2000). High ploidy levels can be beneficial, especially for parthenogenetic species because polyploidy can allow genetic variation. Polyploids can be more vigorous than their diploid parents (heterosis) and can mask the deleterious effects of mutations due to gene redundancy. Some other advantages of polyploidy include adaptations to extreme habitats and new environments (Seiler 1961, Stenberg & Lundmark 2004, Schurko et al. 2009) and a way to promote evolutionary novelty (Otto & Whitton 2000, Mable 2004). However, polyploidy includes some disadvantages such as disrupting effects o...

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On the elusiveness of enemy-free space: spatial, temporal, and host-plant-related variation in parasitoid attack rates on three gallmakers of goldenrods

et al. 2006

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Host shifting by phytophagous insects may play an important role in generating insect diversity by initiating host-race formation and speciation. Models of the host shifting process often invoke reduced rates of natural enemy attack on a novel host in order to balance the maladaptation expected following the shift. Such "enemy-free space" has been documented for some insects, at some times and places, but few studies have assessed the occurrence of enemy-free space across years, among sites, or among insect species. We measured parasitoid attack rates on three insect herbivores of two goldenrods (Solidago altissima L. and Solidago gigantea Ait.), with data from multiple sites and multiple years for each herbivore. For each insect herbivore, there were times and sites at which parasitoid attack rates differed strongly and significantly between host plants (that is, enemy-free space existed on one host plant or the other). However, the extent and even the direction of the attack-rate difference varied strongly among sites and even among years at the same site. There was no evidence of consistent enemy-free space for any herbivore on either host plant. Our data suggest that enemy-free space, like many ecological and evolutionary forces, is likely to operate as a geographic and temporal mosaic, and that conceptual models of host shifting that include enemy-free space as a consequence of host novelty are likely too simple.

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Parasites and Sexual Reproduction in Psychid Moths

Cited by 8 publications

References 44 publications

The parasitoid species complex associated with sexual and parthenogenetic Naryciinae (Lepidoptera: Psychidae): Integrating ecological and molecular analyses

The parasitoid species complex associated with sexual and parthenogenetic Naryciinae (Lepidoptera: Psychidae): Integrating ecological and molecular analyses

Investigating the Origin of Parthenogenesis and Ploidy Level inDahlica fennicella(Lepidoptera: Psychidae)

On the elusiveness of enemy-free space: spatial, temporal, and host-plant-related variation in parasitoid attack rates on three gallmakers of goldenrods

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